{"title":"Vitamin D Regulation of Immune Function.","authors":"Daniel D Bikle","doi":"10.1007/s11914-022-00732-z","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>To review the mechanisms by which vitamin D and its metabolites regulate the immune system to facilitate the ability of the body to prevent and/or treat SARS-CoV2 and other respiratory infections and encourage further research into the role that vitamin D supplementation plays in preventing/treating such infections.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased risk of SARS-CoV2 and other respiratory infections. Clinical trials in general demonstrate that correction of vitamin D deficiency reduces the risk of hospitalization, ICU admission, and death from SARS-CoV2 infection. The airway epithelium and alveolar macrophages express the enzyme, CYP27B1, that produces the active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)<sub>2</sub>D, and the vitamin D receptor, VDR. Vitamin D and its metabolites promote the innate immune response, which provides the first line of defense against viral and bacterial infections while restricting the adaptive immune response, which if unchecked promotes the inflammatory response leading to the acute respiratory distress syndrome and death. The rationale for treating vitamin D deficiency to reduce the risk of SARS-CoV2 infection and supplementing patients with vitamin D early in the course of SARS-CoV2 infection rests primarily on the ability of vitamin D metabolites to promote an effective immune response to the infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":11080,"journal":{"name":"Current Osteoporosis Reports","volume":"20 1","pages":"186-193"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2000,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9065668/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Current Osteoporosis Reports","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11914-022-00732-z","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2022/5/4 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Purpose of review: To review the mechanisms by which vitamin D and its metabolites regulate the immune system to facilitate the ability of the body to prevent and/or treat SARS-CoV2 and other respiratory infections and encourage further research into the role that vitamin D supplementation plays in preventing/treating such infections.
Recent findings: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased risk of SARS-CoV2 and other respiratory infections. Clinical trials in general demonstrate that correction of vitamin D deficiency reduces the risk of hospitalization, ICU admission, and death from SARS-CoV2 infection. The airway epithelium and alveolar macrophages express the enzyme, CYP27B1, that produces the active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D, and the vitamin D receptor, VDR. Vitamin D and its metabolites promote the innate immune response, which provides the first line of defense against viral and bacterial infections while restricting the adaptive immune response, which if unchecked promotes the inflammatory response leading to the acute respiratory distress syndrome and death. The rationale for treating vitamin D deficiency to reduce the risk of SARS-CoV2 infection and supplementing patients with vitamin D early in the course of SARS-CoV2 infection rests primarily on the ability of vitamin D metabolites to promote an effective immune response to the infection.
综述目的综述维生素 D 及其代谢产物调节免疫系统以提高人体预防和/或治疗 SARS-CoV2 及其他呼吸道感染的能力的机制,并鼓励进一步研究补充维生素 D 在预防/治疗此类感染中的作用:维生素 D 缺乏与 SARS-CoV2 和其他呼吸道感染的风险增加有关。临床试验普遍表明,纠正维生素 D 缺乏症可降低因感染 SARS-CoV2 而住院、入住重症监护室和死亡的风险。气道上皮细胞和肺泡巨噬细胞表达产生维生素 D 活性代谢物 1,25(OH)2D 的 CYP27B1 酶和维生素 D 受体 VDR。维生素 D 及其代谢物可促进先天性免疫反应,为抵御病毒和细菌感染提供第一道防线,同时限制适应性免疫反应,如果不加以控制,适应性免疫反应会促进炎症反应,导致急性呼吸窘迫综合征和死亡。治疗维生素 D 缺乏症以降低 SARS-CoV2 感染风险,以及在 SARS-CoV2 感染早期为患者补充维生素 D 的理由主要在于维生素 D 代谢物能够促进对感染的有效免疫反应。
期刊介绍:
This journal intends to provide clear, insightful, balanced contributions by international experts that review the most important, recently published clinical findings related to the diagnosis, treatment, management, and prevention of osteoporosis.
We accomplish this aim by appointing international authorities to serve as Section Editors in key subject areas, such as current and future therapeutics, epidemiology and pathophysiology, and evaluation and management. Section Editors, in turn, select topics for which leading experts contribute comprehensive review articles that emphasize new developments and recently published papers of major importance, highlighted by annotated reference lists. An international Editorial Board reviews the annual table of contents, suggests articles of special interest to their country/region, and ensures that topics are current and include emerging research. Commentaries from well-known figures in the field are also provided.