Electroanatomical mapping systems and cardiac arrhythmias: avoiding radiations in pediatric patients

Abstract

Introduction. Cardiac arrhythmias are challenging conditions in pediatric patients, especially in the case of newborns. Most of the tachyarrhythmias in children (90,24%) are atrioventricular reentrant tachycardias (AVRT) and atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardias (AVNRT). Although the standard 12-lead ECG maintains high diagnostic value, an invasive electrophysiological study and a catheter ablation are often required. Unfortunately these procedures are burdened by the use of radiations. Materials and Methods. We performed a systematic research in PubMed and Embase. We found 257 articles of interest but we selected only 36 as the most representative. Discussion: The main concerns linked to electrophysiological procedures are the need of fluoroscopy and thus the risk of malignancy as well as dermatitis, cataracts, thyroid diseases and birth defects. Children and especially newborns have a greater life expectancy so their cumulative risk is greater than adults. For this reason the guiding principle in electrophysiological procedures involving radiations in pediatric subjects is as low as reasonably achievable (acronym: ALARA). The development of 3-dimensional (3-D) electroanatomical mapping systems allowed a significant reduction of radiation exposure during ablations. The most recent experiences demonstrated the feasibility and the safety of fluoroless ablation procedures of the most common arrhythmias in children. Conclusions: Cardiac arrhythmias could be very challenging conditions in pediatric patients. Predictors of complications are a body weight <15 kg and an age <4 years so it is clear that newborns are the most difficult patients. It is reasonable, because of these evidences, to approach cardiac arrhythmias pharmacologically in younger subjects. More than 20 years of experiences conducted by the electrophysiologists allow us to encourage the use of the electroanatomical mapping systems, with the objective of reducing the radiation exposure in children, especially when accessory pathways are involved.