Territorial Coats of Arms on the Crown Seals of King Stanisław August

Marcin Hlebionek
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Abstract

A wreath of territorial, and later also state and dynastic coats of arms, as an element of the composition of Polish royal seals, appeared at the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries. Initially, it was placed on the seals of majesty, later on the broad (chancellor's) seals of the Crown and Lithuania, and from the times of John Casimir also on the small (sub-chancellor) Crown seals. A set of these coats of arms was created during the reign of King Michael. In general, however, in the field of territorial heraldry, it was characterized by quite high stability, and the land coats of arms introduced to it in the Jagiellonian times functioned without major changes until the reign of Stanisław August. This king used two sets of state seals. The first, created for the coronation in 1764, was a continuation of traditional patterns. The changes concerned only the coat of arms in the second set of seals made in 1780. They concerned two areas: the content and the form of presenting the signs. In the first, the markings of the former fief areas, which were no longer associated with the Crown, were updated: the coat of arms of the Moldavian fief was replaced with the coat of arms of the Kalisz Voivodeship, and the coat of arms of the Pomeranian fief with the coat of arms of Livonia. In the aspect of form, hatching of signs was used for the first time in state sigillography. Although hatching appears already on Wettin's seals, it was not used on Polish state seals. As a result, the seals created in 1780 are the first official color representation of the coats of arms of the lands of the Kingdom of Poland. Breaking with the existing tradition, the creator of the seal, Jan Filip Holzhaeusser, also reversed the arrangement of figural emblems, which until then had been directed towards the central element of the image (i.e., towards the figure of the enthroned ruler, or the Polish Eagle), and also changed the shape of some emblems to forms known from earlier times, later rejected. Enigmatic in this context is the small crown seal of this king, known from one of the collector's imprints, probably made in 1785. Its uniqueness, apart from the lack of confirmation of wider use, prove modifications in the coat of arms, unjustified on the grounds of Polish territorial heraldry.
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斯坦尼斯瓦夫·奥古斯特国王皇家印章上的领土纹章
在14世纪和15世纪交替的时期,波兰出现了领土的花环,后来也出现了国家和王朝的盾形纹章,作为波兰皇家印章的组成元素。最初,它被放在陛下的印章上,后来被放在皇冠和立陶宛的宽(总理)印章上,从约翰·卡西米尔时代开始,也被放在小(副总理)皇冠印章上。一套这样的盾形纹章是在米迦勒国王统治时期创造的。然而,总体而言,在领土纹章领域,它的特点是相当高的稳定性,并且在雅盖隆时代引入的陆地纹章直到Stanisław August统治时期都没有发生重大变化。这位国王使用了两套国玺。第一个是为1764年的加冕礼设计的,延续了传统的图案。这些变化只涉及1780年第二套印章的盾形纹章。它们涉及两个方面:内容和表现形式。在第一个版本中,以前封地的标志,不再与国王有联系,被更新:摩尔多瓦封地的盾徽被卡利什省的盾徽取代,波美拉尼亚封地的盾徽被利沃尼亚的盾徽取代。在形式方面,国家文字中首次采用了符号孵化法。虽然孵化已经出现在维廷的印章上,但波兰国家印章上没有使用。因此,1780年制作的印章是波兰王国土地纹章的第一个官方颜色代表。打破现有的传统,印章的创造者Jan Filip Holzhaeusser也改变了图形符号的排列,直到那时,这些符号一直指向图像的中心元素(即,朝向在位的统治者或波兰鹰的图形),并且还将一些符号的形状改变为早期已知的形式,后来被拒绝。在这种情况下,令人费解的是这位国王的小皇冠印章,从收藏家的印记中可以看出,可能是1785年制作的。它的独特性,除了缺乏广泛使用的确认,证明了对盾徽的修改,在波兰领土纹章的基础上是不合理的。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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