Greenness evaluation of sample preparation methods by GAPI for the determination of pesticides in grape: A review

Abstract

Pesticides are major contaminants in grapes and their by-products. Different methods for sample preparation and separation are used for determining different pesticides in grapes. However, until now, the environmental friendliness of these methods has not been assessed fully. At present time, several tools such as Eco-Scale, NEMI, GAPI, AGREE are available to evaluate the environmental sustainability of methods such as sample preparation, extraction, and separation. Each tool has its benefits and drawbacks. Moreover, the results obtained with the help of each tool may lead to different conclusions. This paper is aimed to review different sample preparation methods for the determination of pesticides in grapes found in the scientific literature. The Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) tool was chosen to evaluate the environmental friendliness of each methodology in this study. This research also shows the importance of using aforementioned tools in the development of future analytical methods before using practical tests. In addition to greenness, tool helps to assess assessing minimize the use of chemical hazards and avoid risks to human health and emissions to the environment. Method greenness assessment is suggested to be included in method validation protocols.