The phallus in our stars: Sexual violence in the Animal Apocalypse

Megan R Remington, Julia Smith
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Abstract

The Animal Apocalypse (1 En. 85–90) provides some of the most vivid imagery in Second Temple literature. In reference to the descent of the Watchers allegorized as stars, the narrative invokes the simile “they let out their phalluses like stallions” three times. Beyond the simile’s allusion to the oracle in Ezek 23:20, the stallion phallus remains largely unexplored. Our investigation demonstrates the associations of stallions with “aggressive virility” and foreignness based on the Hebrew Bible and contemporary Hellenistic and early Jewish literature. Moreover, we show the Animal Apocalypse’s innovative emphasis on the violent nature of the sexual acts, a feature absent in Gen 6 and the Book of Watchers, and argue for the episode’s contextualization with other early Jewish texts in which sexual violence is present. By spotlighting the stallion-phallused stars with their foreign genitalia, the Animal Apocalypse highlights anxieties surrounding communal boundary crossing and its violent repercussions.
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我们星球上的阳具:动物启示录中的性暴力
《动物启示录》(公元前85-90年)提供了第二圣殿文学中一些最生动的意象。在提到被寓言为明星的守望者的后裔时,叙事三次引用了“他们像种马一样露出阳具”的比喻。除了埃泽克书23:20中比喻的神谕之外,种马的阴茎在很大程度上仍未被探索。我们的调查表明,根据《希伯来圣经》和当代希腊化和早期犹太文学,种马与“好斗的男子气概”和异国情调有关。此外,我们展示了《动物启示录》对性行为暴力本质的创新强调,这是《第6代》和《守望者之书》中没有的一个特点,并主张该集与其他早期犹太文本中存在性暴力的背景化。《动物启示录》通过聚焦带有外国生殖器的种马阳具明星,凸显了围绕公共边界跨越及其暴力影响的焦虑。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
0.40
自引率
33.30%
发文量
13
期刊介绍: The last twenty years have witnessed some remarkable achievements in the study of early Jewish literature. Given the ever-increasing number and availability of primary sources for these writings, specialists have been producing text-critical, historical, social scientific, and theological studies which, in turn, have fuelled a growing interest among scholars, students, religious leaders, and the wider public. The only English journal of its kind, Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha was founded in 1987 to provide a much-needed forum for scholars to discuss and review most recent developments in this burgeoning field in the academy.
期刊最新文献
The necessity of form and spatial content for defining “apocalypse” and “apocalyptic” The three colors of humanity: Early Jewish race-making in 1 Enoch’s Animal Apocalypse Demonstratio et veritas. Priestly oracles in Pseudo-Philo’s Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum “Like one of the glorious ones”: The transformation of Enoch in 2 Enoch 22 The Life of Adam and Eve and the nature of Second Temple religious devotion: Can Satan be trusted concerning the worship of Adam?
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