Cretaceous sandstones near Ždírec nad Doubravou (Bohemian-Moravian Highlands) as material for gothic sacral buildings in large surroundings

Abstract

The narrow, 40 km long belt of the Cretaceous sediments called „The Dlouhá mez“ has been preserved along the NW-SE-striking Železné hory fault within crystalline rocks in the Eastern Bohemia (Fig. 1). The youngest relic of this belt corresponds to the middle part of Jizera Fm. of middle Turonian age. In the southeastern part of the „Dlouhá mez“ belt, these deposits have fine-grained, glauconitic sandstone nature. Near the town of Ždírec nad Doubravou, the sandstone had been exploited for a long time in several presently abandoned quarries and used as a building material. The old quarry at the margin of Ždírec nad Doubravou was founded in the end of the 13th century, and it was replaced by new quarries between Ždírec nad Doubravou and the village of Nový Studenec in the second half of the 19th century. This sandstone was discovered in four gothic buildings in the wide surroundings of these quarries within the course of the macroscopic investigation by the author. To confirm this discovery, the author carried out microscopic investigation of ten sandstone samples taken both in the quarries and in the gothic buildings. Petrographic features of the sandstone were also specified. Microscopic study confirmed the identical character of all studied samples. The identity of sandstone exploited in the quarries and sandstones used in gothic buildings was also demonstrated by the analysis of total SiO2 content. The sandstone is fine-grained, with matrix-supported texture, variable content of glauconite grains and fragments of silicisponge spicules and rare foraminifera tests. Muscovite and feldspars occur in accessory amounts. The sandstone is silicified and exhibits a porosity from 6–8 to 20 %. The pores with very elongated, needle-like form originated by diagenetic dissolution of silicisponge spicules while the diagenetic quartz penetrated the original clayey and possibly also calcareous matrix. The foraminifera tests were also silicified during this process. Within subordinate thin layers in sandstone, the content of terrigenous quartz grains drops below 25 % (20–22 %) while the content of silicisponges fragments increases to 10–12 %. These layers can be classified as spiculitic, sandy silicite. The sandstone from Ždírec nad Doubravou was documented in two village churches (Krucemburk, Havlíčkova Borová), in a big church in the town of Havlíčkův Brod and in the chapel in the Lipnice Castle in the town of Lipnice nad Sázavou. These buildings originated in the last quarter of the 13th and in the 14th century. These localities are from 4 to 32 km away from the quarries near the town of Ždírec nad Doubravou (Fig. 1). The sandstones were used as ashlar masonry, window jambs and tracery, vault ribs and also in sculptures (figural corbels). A further investigation can probably reveal the Ždírec nad Doubravou sandstone in a higher number of medieval buildings.