Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of Current Trends

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a chronic metabolic condition whose incidence has been continuously growing around the world. As a result of this tendency, it is quickly becoming an epidemic in some parts of the world, with the number of individuals affected anticipated to double in the next decade as the world's population ages, adding to the already existing load on healthcare providers, particularly in poor developing countries. World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines are still used for screening and diagnosis, which include both clinical and laboratory characteristics. There is currently no cure for the disease; however, therapy options include lifestyle changes, obesity management, oral hypoglycemic medications, and insulin sensitizers such as metformin, a biguanide that reduces insulin resistance which is used as first line medication especially for obese patients. The traditional herbal medicine like garlic, neem, bitter gourd, aloe vera, onion, methi, amla, jamun, baheda etc. are also used for the treatment of the diabetes. Other effective medication includes non-sulfonylurea secretagogues, thiazolidinediones, alpha glucoside inhibitors, and insulin. Recent research into the biology of type 2 diabetes has led to the development of new medications such as glucagon-like peptide 1 analogues: dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors, sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, and 11-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 inhibitors, insulin releasing glucokinase activators. The novel drug delivery improves the treatment of diabetes by the inhaled insulin. Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Diabetes complications, Diabetes diagnosis, Diabetes management, Antidiabetic newer drugs, Antidiabetic herbal drugs