Urethral Calculi: Presentation, Evaluation and Management

Abstract

Urethral calculi are common in developing countries. There are only a few studies that have been conducted so far on these subsets of patients with very limited literature from developing countries. Urethral calculi are divided into primary which forms in urethra and secondary, which migrates from upper urinary tract. Primary urethral calculi are usually small and multiple, and secondary migratory calculi are usually large. Small calculus is commonly found in the anterior urethra and larger calculi usually occur in the posterior urethra. Primary urethral stones are generally composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) or uric acid. Calcium oxalate and cystine stones originate from kidney. The causes of secondary stones are stricture, infection, and/or inflammation or within a poorly drained communicating cavity, with an obstruction, stagnation, acting as the predisposing factor. ISSN: 2692-532X DOI: 10.33552/AUN.2020.02.000532