{"title":"Logan Medallist 4. Large-Scale Impact and Earth History","authors":"R. Grieve","doi":"10.12789/GEOCANJ.2017.44.113","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The current record of large-scale impact on Earth consists of close to 200 impact structures and some 30 impact events recorded in the stratigraphic record, only some of which are related to known structures. It is a preservation sample of a much larger production population, with the impact rate on Earth being higher than that of the moon. This is due to the Earth’s larger physical and gravitational cross-sections, with respect to asteroidal and cometary bodies entering the inner solar system. While terrestrial impact structures have been studied as the only source of ground-truth data on impact as a planetary process, it is becoming increasingly acknowledged that large-scale impact has had its effects on the geologic history of the Earth, itself. As extremely high energy events, impacts redistribute, disrupt and reprocess target lithologies, resulting in topographic, structural and thermal anomalies in the upper crust. This has resulted in many impact structures being the source of natural resources, including some world-class examples, such as gold and uranium at Vredefort, South Africa, Ni–Cu–PGE sulphides at Sudbury, Canada and hydrocarbons from the Campeche Bank, Mexico. Large-scale impact also has the potential to disrupt the terrestrial biosphere. The most devastating known example is the evidence for the role of impact in the Cretaceous–Paleocene (K–Pg) mass extinction event and the formation of the Chicxulub structure, Mexico. It also likely had a role in other, less dramatic, climatic excursions, such as the Paleocene–Eocene–Thermal Maximum (PETM) event. The impact rate was much higher in early Earth history and, while based on reasoned speculation, it is argued that the early surface of the Hadean Earth was replete with massive impact melt pools, in place of the large multiring basins that formed on the lower gravity moon in the same time-period. These melt pools would differentiate to form more felsic upper lithologies and, thus, are a potential source for Hadean-aged zircons, without invoking more modern geodynamic scenarios. The Earth-moon system is unique in the inner solar system and currently the best working hypothesis for its origin is a planetary-scale impact with the proto-Earth, after core formation at ca. 4.43 Ga. Future large-scale impact is a low probability event but with high consequences and has the potential to create a natural disaster of proportions unequalled by other geologic processes and threaten the extended future of human civilization, itself.RESUMELe bilan actuel de traces de grands impacts sur la Terre se compose de pres de 200 astroblemes et d'une trentaine d’impacts enregistres dans la stratigraphie, dont seulement certains sont lies a des astroblemes connus. Il s'agit d'echantillons preserves sur une population d’evenements beaucoup plus importante, le taux d'impact sur Terre etant superieur a celui de la lune. Cela tient aux plus grandes sections transversales physiques et gravitationnelles de la Terre sur la trajectoire des asteroides et cometes qui penetrent le systeme solaire interne. Alors que les astroblemes terrestres ont ete etudies comme etant la seule source de donnees averee d’impacts en tant que processus planetaire, de plus en plus on reconnait que les grands impacts ont eu des effets sur l'histoire geologique de la Terre. A l’instar des evenements d'energie extreme, les impacts redistribuent, perturbent et remanient les lithologies impliquees, provoquant dans la croute terrestre superieure des anomalies topographiques, structurelles et thermiques. Il en a resulte de nombreux astroblemes a l’origine de ressources naturelles, dont certains exemples de classe mondiale tels que l'or et l'uranium a Vredefort en Afrique du Sud, les sulfures de Ni–Cu–PGE a Sudbury au Canada, et les hydrocarbures du Banc de Campeche au Mexique. Les grands impacts peuvent egalement perturber la biosphere terrestre. L'exemple le plus devastateur connu nous est donne des indices du role de l'impact dans l'extinction de masse au Cretace–Paleogene (K–Pg) et la formation de la structure de Chicxulub, au Mexique. Il a egalement probablement joue un role dans d'autres evenements climatiques extraordinaires moins dramatiques, comme le Maximum thermal du Paleocene–Eocene (PETM). Le taux d'impact etait beaucoup plus eleve au debut de l'histoire de la Terre et, tout en etant base sur une speculation raisonnee, on fait valoir que la surface precoce de la Terre a l’Hadeen etait tapissee de grands bassins en fusion, au lieu de grands bassins a couronnes multiples tels ceux qui se sont formes a la meme periode sur la lune ayant une gravite inferieure. Ces bassins en fusion se seraient differenciees pour constituer des lithologies plus felsiques sur le dessus, devenant ainsi une source potentielle de zircons d’âge Hadeen, sans qu’il soit necessaire d’invoquer des scenarios geodynamiques plus recents. Le systeme Terre-lune est unique dans le systeme solaire interne. Actuellement la meilleure hypothese de travail pour son origine est un impact planetaire avec la proto-Terre, apres la formation du noyau a env. 4,43 Ga. La probabilite d’un futur grand impact est faible mais comporte des consequences capables d’engendrer un desastre naturel aux proportions inegalees compare a d'autres processus geologiques, menacant l'avenir de la civilisation humaine elle-meme.","PeriodicalId":55106,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience Canada","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8000,"publicationDate":"2017-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"7","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Geoscience Canada","FirstCategoryId":"89","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.12789/GEOCANJ.2017.44.113","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Abstract
The current record of large-scale impact on Earth consists of close to 200 impact structures and some 30 impact events recorded in the stratigraphic record, only some of which are related to known structures. It is a preservation sample of a much larger production population, with the impact rate on Earth being higher than that of the moon. This is due to the Earth’s larger physical and gravitational cross-sections, with respect to asteroidal and cometary bodies entering the inner solar system. While terrestrial impact structures have been studied as the only source of ground-truth data on impact as a planetary process, it is becoming increasingly acknowledged that large-scale impact has had its effects on the geologic history of the Earth, itself. As extremely high energy events, impacts redistribute, disrupt and reprocess target lithologies, resulting in topographic, structural and thermal anomalies in the upper crust. This has resulted in many impact structures being the source of natural resources, including some world-class examples, such as gold and uranium at Vredefort, South Africa, Ni–Cu–PGE sulphides at Sudbury, Canada and hydrocarbons from the Campeche Bank, Mexico. Large-scale impact also has the potential to disrupt the terrestrial biosphere. The most devastating known example is the evidence for the role of impact in the Cretaceous–Paleocene (K–Pg) mass extinction event and the formation of the Chicxulub structure, Mexico. It also likely had a role in other, less dramatic, climatic excursions, such as the Paleocene–Eocene–Thermal Maximum (PETM) event. The impact rate was much higher in early Earth history and, while based on reasoned speculation, it is argued that the early surface of the Hadean Earth was replete with massive impact melt pools, in place of the large multiring basins that formed on the lower gravity moon in the same time-period. These melt pools would differentiate to form more felsic upper lithologies and, thus, are a potential source for Hadean-aged zircons, without invoking more modern geodynamic scenarios. The Earth-moon system is unique in the inner solar system and currently the best working hypothesis for its origin is a planetary-scale impact with the proto-Earth, after core formation at ca. 4.43 Ga. Future large-scale impact is a low probability event but with high consequences and has the potential to create a natural disaster of proportions unequalled by other geologic processes and threaten the extended future of human civilization, itself.RESUMELe bilan actuel de traces de grands impacts sur la Terre se compose de pres de 200 astroblemes et d'une trentaine d’impacts enregistres dans la stratigraphie, dont seulement certains sont lies a des astroblemes connus. Il s'agit d'echantillons preserves sur une population d’evenements beaucoup plus importante, le taux d'impact sur Terre etant superieur a celui de la lune. Cela tient aux plus grandes sections transversales physiques et gravitationnelles de la Terre sur la trajectoire des asteroides et cometes qui penetrent le systeme solaire interne. Alors que les astroblemes terrestres ont ete etudies comme etant la seule source de donnees averee d’impacts en tant que processus planetaire, de plus en plus on reconnait que les grands impacts ont eu des effets sur l'histoire geologique de la Terre. A l’instar des evenements d'energie extreme, les impacts redistribuent, perturbent et remanient les lithologies impliquees, provoquant dans la croute terrestre superieure des anomalies topographiques, structurelles et thermiques. Il en a resulte de nombreux astroblemes a l’origine de ressources naturelles, dont certains exemples de classe mondiale tels que l'or et l'uranium a Vredefort en Afrique du Sud, les sulfures de Ni–Cu–PGE a Sudbury au Canada, et les hydrocarbures du Banc de Campeche au Mexique. Les grands impacts peuvent egalement perturber la biosphere terrestre. L'exemple le plus devastateur connu nous est donne des indices du role de l'impact dans l'extinction de masse au Cretace–Paleogene (K–Pg) et la formation de la structure de Chicxulub, au Mexique. Il a egalement probablement joue un role dans d'autres evenements climatiques extraordinaires moins dramatiques, comme le Maximum thermal du Paleocene–Eocene (PETM). Le taux d'impact etait beaucoup plus eleve au debut de l'histoire de la Terre et, tout en etant base sur une speculation raisonnee, on fait valoir que la surface precoce de la Terre a l’Hadeen etait tapissee de grands bassins en fusion, au lieu de grands bassins a couronnes multiples tels ceux qui se sont formes a la meme periode sur la lune ayant une gravite inferieure. Ces bassins en fusion se seraient differenciees pour constituer des lithologies plus felsiques sur le dessus, devenant ainsi une source potentielle de zircons d’âge Hadeen, sans qu’il soit necessaire d’invoquer des scenarios geodynamiques plus recents. Le systeme Terre-lune est unique dans le systeme solaire interne. Actuellement la meilleure hypothese de travail pour son origine est un impact planetaire avec la proto-Terre, apres la formation du noyau a env. 4,43 Ga. La probabilite d’un futur grand impact est faible mais comporte des consequences capables d’engendrer un desastre naturel aux proportions inegalees compare a d'autres processus geologiques, menacant l'avenir de la civilisation humaine elle-meme.
期刊介绍:
Established in 1974, Geoscience Canada is the main technical publication of the Geological Association of Canada (GAC). We are a quarterly journal that emphasizes diversity of material, and also the presentation of informative technical articles that can be understood not only by specialist research workers, but by non-specialists in other branches of the Earth Sciences. We aim to be a journal that you want to read, and which will leave you better informed, rather than more confused.