Chemokine-targeted nanoparticles: stimulation of the immune system in cancer immunotherapy

Ranjeet Singh, Prateek Srivastava, P. Manna
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Abstract

Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy are potential therapeutic choices for many malignant and metastatic cancers. Despite adverse side effects and pain, surgery and chemotherapy continue to be the most common cancer treatments. However, patients treated with immunotherapy had better cancer control than those who got other treatments. There are two methods to activate immunological pathways: systemically and locally. To modify the tumor microenvironment (TME), the former uses systemic cytokine/chemokine (CK) delivery, whilst the latter uses immunological checkpoints or small molecule inhibitors. Organic and inorganic nanomaterials (NMs) enhanced the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. NMs can transmit drugs, peptides, antigens, antibodies, whole cell membranes, etc. Surface-modified NMs precisely target and enter the tissues. The inner core of surface-modified NMs is composed of chemicals with limited bioavailability and biocompatibility, resulting in prolonged blood retention and decreased renal clearance. These platforms hinder or prevent many immune cell activities and modify the TME, enhancing the efficiency of cancer immunotherapy. By inhibiting CK/CK receptor signaling, cell migration and other immune responses could be controlled. Developing CK-targeted nanoparticles (NPs) that inhibit CK signaling or take advantage of the ligand-receptor connection is possible. Surface chemical modification of NMs with CKs or specific peptides has several medicinal applications, including tissue-specific drug delivery and limited cell migration in cancer-afflicted conditions. This review covers current developments in the role of different groups of CK-loaded NP in tumor therapy targeting immune cells and cancer. It also covers the role of NP targeting CK signaling which aids in immunogenic cell death (ICD) and induction of antitumor immunity. In addition, CK gene silencing and its capacity to prevent cancer metastasis as well as inhibition of immune cell migration to modulate the TME are discussed.
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化学动力学靶向纳米粒子:癌症免疫疗法对免疫系统的刺激
手术、化疗、放射治疗和免疫疗法是许多恶性和转移性癌症的潜在治疗选择。尽管有副作用和疼痛,但手术和化疗仍然是癌症最常见的治疗方法。然而,接受免疫治疗的患者比接受其他治疗的患者更好地控制了癌症。激活免疫途径有两种方法:全身和局部。为了改变肿瘤微环境(TME),前者使用系统性细胞因子/趋化因子(CK)递送,而后者使用免疫检查点或小分子抑制剂。有机和无机纳米材料(NMs)增强了癌症免疫疗法的疗效。NMs可以传输药物、肽、抗原、抗体、全细胞膜等。表面修饰的NMs精确靶向并进入组织。表面改性NMs的内核由生物利用度和生物相容性有限的化学物质组成,导致血液滞留时间延长和肾清除率降低。这些平台阻碍或阻止许多免疫细胞活动并修饰TME,提高癌症免疫疗法的效率。通过抑制CK/CK受体信号传导,可以控制细胞迁移和其他免疫反应。开发抑制CK信号传导或利用配体-受体连接的CK靶向纳米颗粒(NP)是可能的。CKs或特异性肽对NMs的表面化学修饰具有多种医学应用,包括组织特异性药物递送和在癌症相关条件下限制细胞迁移。本文综述了不同组CK-负载NP在靶向免疫细胞和癌症的肿瘤治疗中的作用的最新进展。它还涵盖了NP靶向CK信号传导的作用,该信号传导有助于免疫原性细胞死亡(ICD)和诱导抗肿瘤免疫。此外,还讨论了CK基因沉默及其预防癌症转移的能力,以及抑制免疫细胞迁移以调节TME的能力。
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