Diksha Gautam, Sanjeev Kumar, Rashmi Sharma, Deepshikha Dixit
Aim: This article presents an investigation into various mathematical models for cell population growth, including tumor cells, and their dynamics. Methods: We classify the models into five categories: exponential, logistic, time-tested, heterogeneous, and immunology. Mathematical modeling provides insights into the development of tumors over time and how their proliferation rate becomes more dangerous. To explore the impact of immune response on tumor heterogeneity, we develop a reaction-diffusion model of tumor growth that incorporates tumor-immune interactions and a mechanism for tumor mutation and clonal expansion. We use numerical simulations to investigate how variation in immune response affects tumor heterogeneity. Results: Our findings show that a stronger immune response leads to greater homogeneity in the tumor population, which suggests that enhancing immune response could reduce tumor heterogeneity and improve treatment outcomes. Conclusions: These results have important implications for the development of therapeutic strategies targeting the immune system to combat tumor heterogeneity.
{"title":"Exploring the impact of immune response on tumor heterogeneity through mathematical modeling","authors":"Diksha Gautam, Sanjeev Kumar, Rashmi Sharma, Deepshikha Dixit","doi":"10.37349/ei.2024.00149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2024.00149","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: This article presents an investigation into various mathematical models for cell population growth, including tumor cells, and their dynamics.\u0000Methods: We classify the models into five categories: exponential, logistic, time-tested, heterogeneous, and immunology. Mathematical modeling provides insights into the development of tumors over time and how their proliferation rate becomes more dangerous. To explore the impact of immune response on tumor heterogeneity, we develop a reaction-diffusion model of tumor growth that incorporates tumor-immune interactions and a mechanism for tumor mutation and clonal expansion. We use numerical simulations to investigate how variation in immune response affects tumor heterogeneity.\u0000Results: Our findings show that a stronger immune response leads to greater homogeneity in the tumor population, which suggests that enhancing immune response could reduce tumor heterogeneity and improve treatment outcomes.\u0000Conclusions: These results have important implications for the development of therapeutic strategies targeting the immune system to combat tumor heterogeneity.","PeriodicalId":93552,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141825434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Junming Chen, Qiang Wang, Fenfen Zhang, Jianshe Yang
As the most severe novel infectious disease in this century, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) faces tremendous challenges due to the hysteresis of drugs and vaccine development. Elucidating the panoramic mechanism of coronavirus-host immune interaction is a strategy for disease surveillance, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and immunity assessment of COVID-19. A robust carbon nanotube (CNT)-based photic vaccine technology contributes to address the core scientific issues of these challenges. This perspective states the latest prevention and control strategy of CNT-based photic vaccine and its broad-spectrum resistance to high transmissible and pathogenic variants. Furthermore, this perspective covers the potential immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) under the CNT-based photic vaccine intervention and finally evaluates its efficacy and the underlying interactive mechanisms. In the future, findings of the highly efficient and conservative T cell epitopes depending on an intelligent chem-physical modulation would provide a promising basis for the development of next generation vaccines. Ideally, these next generation vaccines are prone to be with the function of dynamic allostery responding to the chem-physical changing and present the allosteric epitopes which are affinity to the viral variation.
作为本世纪最严重的新型传染病，冠状病毒病2019（COVID-19）因药物和疫苗研发的滞后而面临巨大挑战。阐明冠状病毒与宿主免疫相互作用的全景机制是COVID-19疾病监测、诊断、治疗、预防和免疫评估的策略。基于碳纳米管（CNT）的光疫苗技术有助于解决这些挑战的核心科学问题。本视角阐述了基于碳纳米管的光疫苗的最新防控策略及其对高传播性和致病性变种的广谱抗性。此外，本视角还涵盖了在基于 CNT 的光疫苗干预下对严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒 2（SARS-CoV-2）的潜在免疫反应，并最终评估了其功效和潜在的相互作用机制。未来，通过智能化学物理调控发现高效、保守的 T 细胞表位将为下一代疫苗的开发奠定良好基础。理想情况下，这些下一代疫苗应具有响应化学物理变化的动态异位功能，并呈现与病毒变异具有亲和力的异位表位。
{"title":"The immune response of nano carbon-based photic-driving vaccines to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2","authors":"Junming Chen, Qiang Wang, Fenfen Zhang, Jianshe Yang","doi":"10.37349/ei.2024.00143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2024.00143","url":null,"abstract":"As the most severe novel infectious disease in this century, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) faces tremendous challenges due to the hysteresis of drugs and vaccine development. Elucidating the panoramic mechanism of coronavirus-host immune interaction is a strategy for disease surveillance, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and immunity assessment of COVID-19. A robust carbon nanotube (CNT)-based photic vaccine technology contributes to address the core scientific issues of these challenges. This perspective states the latest prevention and control strategy of CNT-based photic vaccine and its broad-spectrum resistance to high transmissible and pathogenic variants. Furthermore, this perspective covers the potential immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) under the CNT-based photic vaccine intervention and finally evaluates its efficacy and the underlying interactive mechanisms. In the future, findings of the highly efficient and conservative T cell epitopes depending on an intelligent chem-physical modulation would provide a promising basis for the development of next generation vaccines. Ideally, these next generation vaccines are prone to be with the function of dynamic allostery responding to the chem-physical changing and present the allosteric epitopes which are affinity to the viral variation.","PeriodicalId":93552,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140962800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Testicular sperm maturation is critical for establishing male fertility. Spermatozoa undergo remodeling of sperm proteins and changes in lipid and ribonucleic acid composition during transport in the epididymal ducts, which play an important role in sperm maturation. The anatomy, epithelial cell types, physiological functions, and epigenetic inheritance of the epididymis are explored, and recent findings in epididymal research are analyzed. Suggesting possible directions for future research on the epididymis. Using the keywords “epididymis”, “sperm”, and “sperm maturation”, a search of the epididymis was performed through databases and official websites of journals related to reproduction. The epididymis was searched in databases and on the official websites of journals related to reproduction. This review introduces the characteristics of the epididymis, as well as the biological functions of cell types such as principal cells, clear cells, and basal cells, providing a detailed description of the overall physiological functions of the epididymis. It highlights current research hotspots in the field of epididymis, including single-cell analysis, epigenetics, and extracellular vesicles, aiming to offer a comprehensive understanding for beginners. The review emphasizes the importance of the epididymis, its impact on sperm maturation and subsequent embryo development, and how it advances research on epididymal diseases while providing new directions for the study and treatment strategies of infertility.
{"title":"Recent advances in the study of the structure and function of the epididymis","authors":"Chuxiong Wang, Ye Xie, Jiang Liu, Qinying Xie, Yafei Kang, Xinyi Dong, Donghui Huang","doi":"10.37349/ei.2024.00142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2024.00142","url":null,"abstract":"Testicular sperm maturation is critical for establishing male fertility. Spermatozoa undergo remodeling of sperm proteins and changes in lipid and ribonucleic acid composition during transport in the epididymal ducts, which play an important role in sperm maturation. The anatomy, epithelial cell types, physiological functions, and epigenetic inheritance of the epididymis are explored, and recent findings in epididymal research are analyzed. Suggesting possible directions for future research on the epididymis. Using the keywords “epididymis”, “sperm”, and “sperm maturation”, a search of the epididymis was performed through databases and official websites of journals related to reproduction. The epididymis was searched in databases and on the official websites of journals related to reproduction. This review introduces the characteristics of the epididymis, as well as the biological functions of cell types such as principal cells, clear cells, and basal cells, providing a detailed description of the overall physiological functions of the epididymis. It highlights current research hotspots in the field of epididymis, including single-cell analysis, epigenetics, and extracellular vesicles, aiming to offer a comprehensive understanding for beginners. The review emphasizes the importance of the epididymis, its impact on sperm maturation and subsequent embryo development, and how it advances research on epididymal diseases while providing new directions for the study and treatment strategies of infertility.","PeriodicalId":93552,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140961978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Makkoukdji, Valishti Pundit, M. Wyke, Jheison Giraldo, Travis Satnarine, Gary I. Kleiner, Melissa Gans
Primary immune regulatory disorders (PIRDs) constitute a subset of inborn errors of immunity and are characterized by lymphoproliferation, autoimmunity, malignancy, and infection. Unlike classical primary immune deficiencies, initial symptoms of PIRDs can manifest as autoimmunity such as cytopenias or enteropathy, which can often prove resistant to conventional treatments and occur years prior to the onset of infectious complications. Raising awareness about PIRDs among specialists and adopting a multidisciplinary approach is crucial for early diagnosis, intervention, and potential prevention of severe organ damage. Significant progress has been made in identifying several PIRDs, which has contributed to a more comprehensive comprehension of their underlying immunological mechanisms. This knowledge has paved the way for targeted therapies focusing on specific molecules, which tend to offer superior disease control compared to traditional immunosuppressants. This review, informed by the latest literature, explores prevalent PIRDs, detailing their clinical manifestations and recent advancements in treatment modalities.
{"title":"Targeted treatments for immune dysregulation in inborn errors of immunity","authors":"N. Makkoukdji, Valishti Pundit, M. Wyke, Jheison Giraldo, Travis Satnarine, Gary I. Kleiner, Melissa Gans","doi":"10.37349/ei.2024.00138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2024.00138","url":null,"abstract":"Primary immune regulatory disorders (PIRDs) constitute a subset of inborn errors of immunity and are characterized by lymphoproliferation, autoimmunity, malignancy, and infection. Unlike classical primary immune deficiencies, initial symptoms of PIRDs can manifest as autoimmunity such as cytopenias or enteropathy, which can often prove resistant to conventional treatments and occur years prior to the onset of infectious complications. Raising awareness about PIRDs among specialists and adopting a multidisciplinary approach is crucial for early diagnosis, intervention, and potential prevention of severe organ damage. Significant progress has been made in identifying several PIRDs, which has contributed to a more comprehensive comprehension of their underlying immunological mechanisms. This knowledge has paved the way for targeted therapies focusing on specific molecules, which tend to offer superior disease control compared to traditional immunosuppressants. This review, informed by the latest literature, explores prevalent PIRDs, detailing their clinical manifestations and recent advancements in treatment modalities.","PeriodicalId":93552,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140671934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Physical activity, immune system and hypertension: reflections and challenges for future pandemics based on learning from coronavirus disease 2019","authors":"Francisco Pitanga","doi":"10.37349/ei.2024.00137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2024.00137","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93552,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140691529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in the formation of the immune response, and they are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Targeting DCs has thus emerged as a new therapeutic modality in the management of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. DCs can be manipulated ex vivo and then injected back into humans to suppress the immune response. They can also be manipulated in vivo by delivering specific molecules into the DCs. Co-stimulatory molecules that shape DCs interaction with T cells can also be targeted to suppress immunity. This review tackles the latest advances in each of the 3 presented approaches.
树突状细胞（DC）在免疫反应的形成过程中发挥着重要作用，并参与了自身免疫性疾病的发病机制。因此，靶向树突状细胞已成为治疗炎症和自身免疫性疾病的一种新疗法。可以在体外操纵 DCs，然后将其注射回人体，以抑制免疫反应。还可以通过向直流电中输送特定分子，在体内对其进行操纵。还可以针对影响 DC 与 T 细胞相互作用的共刺激分子抑制免疫。本综述探讨了上述三种方法的最新进展。
{"title":"Dendritic cell and co-stimulatory molecule targeted therapy for autoimmune diseases: a review of the newly implemented strategies","authors":"Mazen El Jamal, Farah Shibli","doi":"10.37349/ei.2024.00136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2024.00136","url":null,"abstract":"Dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in the formation of the immune response, and they are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Targeting DCs has thus emerged as a new therapeutic modality in the management of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. DCs can be manipulated ex vivo and then injected back into humans to suppress the immune response. They can also be manipulated in vivo by delivering specific molecules into the DCs. Co-stimulatory molecules that shape DCs interaction with T cells can also be targeted to suppress immunity. This review tackles the latest advances in each of the 3 presented approaches.","PeriodicalId":93552,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140751739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laxmi Kumari, Saloni Munjal, Reena Yadav, Y. Kumar, Alka Bhatia
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a unique population of tumor cells with stem cell-like properties. They are believed to be involved in drug resistance, potential therapy failure, tumor relapse after treatment, and ultimately reduced overall survival of cancer patients. One of the causal factors that may lead to CSC formation is chromosomal instability (CIN), a dynamic event leading to numerical and structural changes in the chromosomes. The CIN is also proposed to aid the maintenance of CSCs, contribute towards their heterogeneity, and facilitate their immune escape. However, the role of CIN in the modulation of the immune system in tumors remains contradictory. Studies have revealed that it can lead to both activation and suppression of the immune system. Previous literature suggests that the CIN, CSCs, and cancer immunity (3Cs), interact with and complement each other to create a pro-tumor environment. However, the mechanisms underlying such an interaction are poorly understood. So, in this review article, an attempt has been made to understand the nature of the interaction between the triad of CIN, CSC, and the immune response in tumors and some of the pathways governing the same. Understanding the above may be a positive step towards the complete cure for malignant diseases.
{"title":"Cancer stem cell, chromosomal instability, and cancer immunity","authors":"Laxmi Kumari, Saloni Munjal, Reena Yadav, Y. Kumar, Alka Bhatia","doi":"10.37349/ei.2024.00135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2024.00135","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a unique population of tumor cells with stem cell-like properties. They are believed to be involved in drug resistance, potential therapy failure, tumor relapse after treatment, and ultimately reduced overall survival of cancer patients. One of the causal factors that may lead to CSC formation is chromosomal instability (CIN), a dynamic event leading to numerical and structural changes in the chromosomes. The CIN is also proposed to aid the maintenance of CSCs, contribute towards their heterogeneity, and facilitate their immune escape. However, the role of CIN in the modulation of the immune system in tumors remains contradictory. Studies have revealed that it can lead to both activation and suppression of the immune system. Previous literature suggests that the CIN, CSCs, and cancer immunity (3Cs), interact with and complement each other to create a pro-tumor environment. However, the mechanisms underlying such an interaction are poorly understood. So, in this review article, an attempt has been made to understand the nature of the interaction between the triad of CIN, CSC, and the immune response in tumors and some of the pathways governing the same. Understanding the above may be a positive step towards the complete cure for malignant diseases.","PeriodicalId":93552,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140751567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Periodontitis is a ubiquitous chronic inflammatory worldwide disease. The multiplicity of gram-negative microbiomes and their endotoxins, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), play a crucial role in its pathogenesis. The detection and consequent effects of LPS occur either via membrane-based cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14)/myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2)/Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 complex activation or through intracellular cytosolic LPS detection that further cascades its effects, resulting in a variety of cell death processes, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, NETosis, and their crosstalk. Irrespective of the detection of LPS, the cellular response is for protecting and resolving the inflammation. However, chronic and exaggerated responses in periodontitis result in the destruction of periodontal structures. This review summarizes the extracellular and cytosolic detection of LPS and its further consequences. Then, it sheds light on methods reported to mitigate the adverse effects of LPS.
{"title":"Periodontitis and lipopolysaccharides: How far have we understood?","authors":"S. Banavar, E. Tan, F. Davamani, S. Khoo","doi":"10.37349/ei.2024.00133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2024.00133","url":null,"abstract":"Periodontitis is a ubiquitous chronic inflammatory worldwide disease. The multiplicity of gram-negative microbiomes and their endotoxins, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), play a crucial role in its pathogenesis. The detection and consequent effects of LPS occur either via membrane-based cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14)/myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2)/Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 complex activation or through intracellular cytosolic LPS detection that further cascades its effects, resulting in a variety of cell death processes, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, NETosis, and their crosstalk. Irrespective of the detection of LPS, the cellular response is for protecting and resolving the inflammation. However, chronic and exaggerated responses in periodontitis result in the destruction of periodontal structures. This review summarizes the extracellular and cytosolic detection of LPS and its further consequences. Then, it sheds light on methods reported to mitigate the adverse effects of LPS.","PeriodicalId":93552,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140412352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aleksandra Kozlova, Alina Dzharullaeva, Amir Tukhvatulin, I. Zakroyshchikova, T. Simaniv, Lola Askarova, D. Eliseeva, Natalia Stoida, I. Kochergin, E. Baydina, M. Zakharova
Aim: The current study aimed to describe various types of myelitis associated with a novel coronavirus infection [coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)] as well as to analyze cytokine profiles and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) parameters in affected patients and to compare them to patients with other immune-mediated disorders—multiple sclerosis (MS), in order to identify possible common pathogenetic pathways and consequently treatment targets. Methods: Clinical, radiological, and laboratory characteristics were studied based on patients’ history. CSF from patients with myelitis associated with COVID-19 (11 patients) was compared with CSF of healthy controls (HC) (7 patients) and patients with MS (37 patients) from the non-COVID era. CSF cytological examination, protein levels and oligoclonal bands (OCBs) evaluation, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus detection and cytokine profiling using Bio-Plex Pro Human Inflammation Panel 1, 37-Plex were performed. Results: In total 11 patients with different types of myelitis developed up to 3 months after COVID-19 were enrolled in the study. Radiological findings were diverse: short transverse myelitis (lesion of fewer than 3 segments) (n = 6), longitudinal extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) (n = 2), multifocal spinal cord lesions (n = 1), and myelitis involving dorsal and lateral columns (n = 2). The most pronounced response to treatment was observed in patients with partial transverse myelitis and patients with anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies (MOG Abs). Multiple comparisons have demonstrated decreased levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), interferon-α2 (IFN-α2), IFN-β, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and increased IL-19 and B cell activating factor (BAFF) in patients with COVID-19 myelitis (CM) compared to the MS group. The highest BAFF and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) concentrations were found in patients with the most profound neurological disability. Conclusions: Myelitis associated with COVID-19 is clinically and radiologically heterogeneous. Evaluation of cytokine profiles in patients with myelitis associated with COVID-19 revealed their relative similarity with ones of MS patients, except for a few cytokines. BAFF/APRIL system as well as IL-10 is well-known for the role in the development and progression of autoimmune diseases, however, their links with COVID-19 and effects on the development of immune-mediated central nervous system (CNS) disorders after SARS-CoV-2 remain to be further studied.
目的：本研究旨在描述与新型冠状病毒感染[冠状病毒病2019（COVID-19）]相关的各种类型的脊髓炎，分析受影响患者的细胞因子谱和脑脊液（CSF）参数，并将其与其他免疫介导疾病-多发性硬化症（MS）患者进行比较，以确定可能的共同致病途径，从而确定治疗目标：方法：根据患者病史研究其临床、放射学和实验室特征。将与 COVID-19 相关的脊髓炎患者（11 例）的脑脊液与健康对照组（7 例）和非 COVID 时代的多发性硬化症患者（37 例）的脑脊液进行比较。研究人员还进行了脑脊液细胞学检查、蛋白质水平和寡克隆带（OCBs）评估、严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒 2（SARS-CoV-2）病毒检测，并使用 Bio-Plex Pro Human Inflammation Panel 1, 37-Plex 进行了细胞因子分析：共有 11 名患者在 COVID-19 后 3 个月内患上了不同类型的脊髓炎。放射学检查结果多种多样：短横贯性脊髓炎（病变少于 3 节）（6 例）、纵向广泛横贯性脊髓炎（2 例）、多灶性脊髓病变（1 例）以及累及背侧柱和侧柱的脊髓炎（2 例）。部分横贯性脊髓炎患者和抗髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白（MOG）抗体（MOG 抗体）患者对治疗的反应最为明显。多项比较显示，与 MS 组相比，COVID-19 骨髓炎（CM）患者的白细胞介素-10（IL-10）、干扰素-α2（IFN-α2）、IFN-β 和胸腺基质淋巴细胞生成素（TSLP）水平降低，IL-19 和 B 细胞活化因子（BAFF）水平升高。BAFF和增殖诱导配体（APRIL）浓度最高的患者神经系统残疾程度最严重：结论：与COVID-19相关的脊髓炎在临床和影像学上具有异质性。对 COVID-19 相关性脊髓炎患者的细胞因子谱进行评估后发现，除少数细胞因子外，它们与多发性硬化症患者的细胞因子谱相对相似。BAFF/APRIL系统和IL-10在自身免疫性疾病的发生和发展中的作用众所周知，然而，它们与COVID-19的联系以及对SARS-CoV-2后免疫介导的中枢神经系统（CNS）疾病发生的影响仍有待进一步研究。
{"title":"Myelitis associated with COVID-19: clinical, radiological, and laboratory characteristics","authors":"Aleksandra Kozlova, Alina Dzharullaeva, Amir Tukhvatulin, I. Zakroyshchikova, T. Simaniv, Lola Askarova, D. Eliseeva, Natalia Stoida, I. Kochergin, E. Baydina, M. Zakharova","doi":"10.37349/ei.2024.00132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2024.00132","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The current study aimed to describe various types of myelitis associated with a novel coronavirus infection [coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)] as well as to analyze cytokine profiles and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) parameters in affected patients and to compare them to patients with other immune-mediated disorders—multiple sclerosis (MS), in order to identify possible common pathogenetic pathways and consequently treatment targets.\u0000Methods: Clinical, radiological, and laboratory characteristics were studied based on patients’ history. CSF from patients with myelitis associated with COVID-19 (11 patients) was compared with CSF of healthy controls (HC) (7 patients) and patients with MS (37 patients) from the non-COVID era. CSF cytological examination, protein levels and oligoclonal bands (OCBs) evaluation, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus detection and cytokine profiling using Bio-Plex Pro Human Inflammation Panel 1, 37-Plex were performed.\u0000Results: In total 11 patients with different types of myelitis developed up to 3 months after COVID-19 were enrolled in the study. Radiological findings were diverse: short transverse myelitis (lesion of fewer than 3 segments) (n = 6), longitudinal extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) (n = 2), multifocal spinal cord lesions (n = 1), and myelitis involving dorsal and lateral columns (n = 2). The most pronounced response to treatment was observed in patients with partial transverse myelitis and patients with anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies (MOG Abs). Multiple comparisons have demonstrated decreased levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), interferon-α2 (IFN-α2), IFN-β, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and increased IL-19 and B cell activating factor (BAFF) in patients with COVID-19 myelitis (CM) compared to the MS group. The highest BAFF and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) concentrations were found in patients with the most profound neurological disability.\u0000Conclusions: Myelitis associated with COVID-19 is clinically and radiologically heterogeneous. Evaluation of cytokine profiles in patients with myelitis associated with COVID-19 revealed their relative similarity with ones of MS patients, except for a few cytokines. BAFF/APRIL system as well as IL-10 is well-known for the role in the development and progression of autoimmune diseases, however, their links with COVID-19 and effects on the development of immune-mediated central nervous system (CNS) disorders after SARS-CoV-2 remain to be further studied.","PeriodicalId":93552,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140416569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Epididymitis or epididymo-orchitis is a common urological condition in males characterized by scrotal pain, swelling, and potential urinary symptoms. Although antibiotics can eliminate the causative pathogens, persistent inflammation may compromise spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis. The testis, an immune-privileged organ, possesses a specialized immune microenvironment that shields germ cells (GCs) from autoimmune attacks and orchestrates immune defenses against pathogens. This review focuses on the complex interplay between immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), mast cells (MCs), and T cell subsets, in the testis. The roles of these immune cells in infection-induced orchitis were deliberated upon, emphasizing their involvement in inflammation and immune tolerance. Furthermore, the implications of testicular fibrosis and its effect on male infertility are discussed, emphasizing the role of MCs in tissue remodeling. The objective of this review is to expand comprehension of male reproductive health and foster the identification of potential therapeutic targets for epididymo-orchitis.
附睾炎或附睾睾丸炎是男性常见的泌尿系统疾病，其特点是阴囊疼痛、肿胀和潜在的泌尿系统症状。虽然抗生素可以消除致病病原体，但持续的炎症可能会损害精子生成和类固醇生成。睾丸是一个具有免疫特权的器官，它拥有专门的免疫微环境，可保护生殖细胞（GC）免受自身免疫攻击，并协调针对病原体的免疫防御。本综述将重点讨论睾丸中巨噬细胞、树突状细胞（DC）、肥大细胞（MC）和 T 细胞亚群等免疫细胞之间复杂的相互作用。研究讨论了这些免疫细胞在感染诱发的睾丸炎中的作用，强调了它们在炎症和免疫耐受中的参与。此外，还讨论了睾丸纤维化的影响及其对男性不育的影响，强调了 MCs 在组织重塑中的作用。本综述旨在加深对男性生殖健康的理解，并促进确定附睾睾丸炎的潜在治疗靶点。
{"title":"Immune cell dynamics in male reproductive health: orchestrating immune privilege and inflammatory responses","authors":"Yiming Zhang, Jianhua Zhu, Mingxin Wang","doi":"10.37349/ei.2024.00131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2024.00131","url":null,"abstract":"Epididymitis or epididymo-orchitis is a common urological condition in males characterized by scrotal pain, swelling, and potential urinary symptoms. Although antibiotics can eliminate the causative pathogens, persistent inflammation may compromise spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis. The testis, an immune-privileged organ, possesses a specialized immune microenvironment that shields germ cells (GCs) from autoimmune attacks and orchestrates immune defenses against pathogens. This review focuses on the complex interplay between immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), mast cells (MCs), and T cell subsets, in the testis. The roles of these immune cells in infection-induced orchitis were deliberated upon, emphasizing their involvement in inflammation and immune tolerance. Furthermore, the implications of testicular fibrosis and its effect on male infertility are discussed, emphasizing the role of MCs in tissue remodeling. The objective of this review is to expand comprehension of male reproductive health and foster the identification of potential therapeutic targets for epididymo-orchitis.","PeriodicalId":93552,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140418448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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