The emergence of nanovaccines as a new paradigm in virological vaccinology: a review

C. Baruah, Pankaj Das, P. Devi, Palash M. Saikia, B. Deka
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Abstract

Vaccination has made an enormous contribution to global health. Treatment resistance for infectious diseases is growing quickly, and chemotherapeutic toxicity in cancer means that vaccines must be made right away to save humanity. But subunit vaccinations alone don’t give enough strong and long-lasting protection against infections that can kill. Nanoparticle (NP)-based delivery vehicles, such as dendrimers, liposomes, micelles, virosomes, nanogels, and microemulsions, offer interesting ways to get around the problems with traditional vaccine adjuvants. The nanovaccines (50–250 nm in size) are most efficient in terms of tissue targeting, staying in the bloodstream for a long time. Nanovaccines can improve antigen presentation, targeted delivery, stimulation of the body’s innate immune system, and a strong T-cell response without putting people at risk. This can help fight infectious diseases and cancers. Also, nanovaccines can be very helpful for making cancer treatments that use immunotherapy. So, this review highlights the various types of NPs used in the techniques that have worked in the new paradigm in viral vaccinology for infectious diseases. It gives a full rundown of the current NP-based vaccines, their potential as adjuvants, and the ways they can be delivered to cells. In the future, the best nanovaccines will try to be more logically designed, have more antigens in them, be fully functionalized, and be given to the right people.
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纳米疫苗作为病毒学疫苗学新范式的出现:综述
疫苗接种对全球健康做出了巨大贡献。传染病的治疗耐药性正在迅速增长,癌症的化疗毒性意味着必须立即生产疫苗来拯救人类。但单凭亚单位疫苗并不能对可能致命的感染提供足够强大和持久的保护。基于纳米粒子(NP)的递送载体,如树状大分子、脂质体、胶束、病毒体、纳米凝胶和微乳,为解决传统疫苗佐剂的问题提供了有趣的方法。纳米疫苗(尺寸为50-250纳米)在组织靶向方面最有效,可以在血液中停留很长时间。纳米疫苗可以改善抗原呈递、靶向递送、刺激人体先天免疫系统和强大的T细胞反应,而不会使人处于危险之中。这可以帮助对抗传染病和癌症。此外,纳米疫苗可以非常有助于制造使用免疫疗法的癌症治疗方法。因此,这篇综述强调了在传染病病毒疫苗学的新范式中使用的各种类型的NP。它全面概述了目前基于NP的疫苗,它们作为佐剂的潜力,以及它们可以输送到细胞中的方式。未来,最好的纳米疫苗将尝试进行更合理的设计,其中含有更多的抗原,完全功能化,并提供给合适的人。
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