Attributing Conduct in the Law of State Responsibility: Lessons from Dutch Courts Applying the Control Standard in the Context of International Military Operations

IF 0.3 Q4 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Utrecht Journal of International and European Law Pub Date : 2021-07-16 DOI:10.5334/ujiel.546
Cedric Ryngaert
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Abstract

In two decisions of 2019, the Dutch courts have come up with novel interpretations of the ‘control-based’ standard of attribution in the international law of State responsibility. This is a standard of attribution that is laid down in Article 8 of the International Law Commission‘s (ILC) Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA), which is, by and large, reflective of customary international law. The traditional understanding of Article 8 ARSIWA is that it applies to relations between States and private persons or entities, in particular armed groups: conduct of a non-State armed group is attributed to a State to the extent that the State exercises control over that group. However, the Dutch courts have extended the scope of application of Article 8 ARSIWA to conduct of organs of international organisations (the UN) as well as foreign States (i.e., States other than the Netherlands). Internationally speaking, this is a novel interpretation of Article 8 ARSIWA, for which there are no precedents. After introducing the Dutch courts’ reasoning in these cases, the contribution zooms out and inquires what the Dutch evolutions imply for the development of the controlbased attribution standard in the international law of State responsibility. The author argues that the relatively peculiar interpretation of Article 8 ARSIWA, as applying to interactions between States and international organisations and between States inter se, is practically viable in a narrow range of scenarios characterised by relatively strong politico-military relations and hierarchies.
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国家责任法中的行为归属:荷兰法院在国际军事行动中适用控制标准的经验教训
在2019年的两项裁决中,荷兰法院对国际国家责任法中“基于控制”的归因标准提出了新的解释。这是国际法委员会《国家对国际不法行为的责任条款》第8条规定的归属标准,该条款大体上反映了习惯国际法。对ARSIWA第8条的传统理解是,它适用于国家与私人或实体之间的关系,特别是与武装团体之间的关系:非国家武装团体的行为应归因于国家对该团体的控制。然而,荷兰法院已将ARSIWA第8条的适用范围扩大到国际组织(联合国)机关以及外国(即荷兰以外的国家)的行为。从国际上讲,这是对ARSIWA第8条的新颖解释,没有先例。在介绍了荷兰法院在这些案件中的推理之后,本文进一步探讨了荷兰的演变对国际国家责任法中基于控制的归因标准的发展意味着什么。发件人认为,对ARSIWA第8条的相对特殊的解释适用于国家与国际组织之间以及国家之间的相互作用,在以相对牢固的政治-军事关系和等级制度为特征的狭窄范围内实际上是可行的。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
2.00
自引率
0.00%
发文量
2
审稿时长
11 weeks
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