International law is faced with the challenge between lex lata and lex ferenda in nature. Lex lata , based on legal positivism, has binding obligations and a top-down compliance structure, while lex ferenda , on the contrary, is based on non-binding values and bottom-up adherence architecture. Determining the legal nature of each regime is important because depending on its nature, the assessment of its efficiency will be different. The question is whether the evolution process of the climate change regime is towards lex lata or lex ferenda ? Examining indicates that initially the Framework Convention, in terms of some indicators, was lex lata and in others it was lex ferenda . Subsequently, to address the shortcomings of the Convention, especially the lack of legally binding targets and timelines, the Kyoto Protocol shifted to a strong lex lata . Finally, due to the inefficiency of the Protocol arising from the institutional design failure, the Paris Agreement became a lex ferenda . Analyzing the Sharm el-Sheikh Implementation Plan (2022) indicates that the Regime is still mainly based on ideal values and non-binding commitments. For the future transformation of the Regime into an efficient lex lata , a gradual process, rather than a strong shift, shall be followed that is being done in the case of the fund for loss and damage that was previously lex ferenda and is becoming lex lata
{"title":"The Legal Nature of the Climate Change Regime: Fluctuation between Lex Lata and Lex Ferenda","authors":"Hojjat Salimi Turkamani","doi":"10.5334/ujiel.603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/ujiel.603","url":null,"abstract":"International law is faced with the challenge between lex lata and lex ferenda in nature. Lex lata , based on legal positivism, has binding obligations and a top-down compliance structure, while lex ferenda , on the contrary, is based on non-binding values and bottom-up adherence architecture. Determining the legal nature of each regime is important because depending on its nature, the assessment of its efficiency will be different. The question is whether the evolution process of the climate change regime is towards lex lata or lex ferenda ? Examining indicates that initially the Framework Convention, in terms of some indicators, was lex lata and in others it was lex ferenda . Subsequently, to address the shortcomings of the Convention, especially the lack of legally binding targets and timelines, the Kyoto Protocol shifted to a strong lex lata . Finally, due to the inefficiency of the Protocol arising from the institutional design failure, the Paris Agreement became a lex ferenda . Analyzing the Sharm el-Sheikh Implementation Plan (2022) indicates that the Regime is still mainly based on ideal values and non-binding commitments. For the future transformation of the Regime into an efficient lex lata , a gradual process, rather than a strong shift, shall be followed that is being done in the case of the fund for loss and damage that was previously lex ferenda and is becoming lex lata","PeriodicalId":30606,"journal":{"name":"Utrecht Journal of International and European Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70724277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editorial of Volume 38, Issue I of the Utrecht Journal of International and European Law","authors":"Carlos Gabriel Ramaglia Mota","doi":"10.5334/ujiel.609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/ujiel.609","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30606,"journal":{"name":"Utrecht Journal of International and European Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70724344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Concept of a Virtual Registered Office in EU Law: Challenges and Opportunities","authors":"Virginijus Bitė, Ivan Romashchenko","doi":"10.5334/ujiel.605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/ujiel.605","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30606,"journal":{"name":"Utrecht Journal of International and European Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70724335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Discharge of Debts of Insolvent Entrepreneurs Under the Restructuring and Insolvency Directive","authors":"Remgijus Jokubauskas","doi":"10.5334/ujiel.606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/ujiel.606","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30606,"journal":{"name":"Utrecht Journal of International and European Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70724339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Becker, Claudia Ionita, Willemijn Kornelius, Rana Kuseyri
{"title":"Will Victims’ Rights Be Lost in Translation? Bridging the Information Gap in Universal Jurisdiction Cases","authors":"T. Becker, Claudia Ionita, Willemijn Kornelius, Rana Kuseyri","doi":"10.5334/ujiel.585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/ujiel.585","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30606,"journal":{"name":"Utrecht Journal of International and European Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70724464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Providing Remedy for Corporate Human Rights Abuses Committed Abroad: The Extraterritorial Dimension of Home States’ Obligation Under ICESCR","authors":"Wubeshet Tiruneh","doi":"10.5334/ujiel.587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/ujiel.587","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30606,"journal":{"name":"Utrecht Journal of International and European Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70724186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How to Deal with Really Good Bad-Faith Interpreters: M.A. v Denmark","authors":"Helga Molbæk-Steensig","doi":"10.5334/ujiel.563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/ujiel.563","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30606,"journal":{"name":"Utrecht Journal of International and European Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70724312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Revival or Eternal Death? The Impact of Brexit on Early Bilateral Agreements in the Area of Aviation and Social Security Between the UK and EU Member States","authors":"Tomáš Buchta","doi":"10.5334/ujiel.567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/ujiel.567","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30606,"journal":{"name":"Utrecht Journal of International and European Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70724443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"UN Security Council and Human Rights: An Inquiry into the Legal Foundations of the Responsibility to Protect in International Law","authors":"S. Subramanian","doi":"10.5334/ujiel.471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/ujiel.471","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30606,"journal":{"name":"Utrecht Journal of International and European Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70724068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Surrender of Fugitive Offenders between Mainland China and Hong Kong: European Arrest Warrant Model or US Interstate Rendition Model?","authors":"Yanhong Yin","doi":"10.5334/ujiel.548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/ujiel.548","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30606,"journal":{"name":"Utrecht Journal of International and European Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70723863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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