Hrvatska ekonomija između europske periferije i poluperiferije: nalazi iz povijesti hrvatskih visokotehnoloških poduzeća

Abstract

IN CROATIAN: U radu se tvrdi da je naglasak u istraživanju stanja hrvatske ekonomije potrebno staviti na historijsku kontingenciju i geopoliticki položaj Hrvatske kako bi se nadopunila prevladavajuca objasnjenja koja naglasavaju kulturne, unutarnjopoliticke ili ideoloske faktore. Kroz kriticku primjenu teorije modernoga svjetskog sistema te zagovaranja koristenja događajne sociologije i analize ovisnosti o prijeđenom putu istražuje se utjecaj Prvoga i Drugoga svjetskog rata, Rezolucije Informbiroa, nestanka Istocnog bloka te raspada Jugoslavije na razvoj hrvatske ekonomije. Utjecaj geopolitickih promjena na hrvatsku ekonomiju kao i stvaranje ovisnosti o prijeđenom putu promatran je kroz nastanak i razvoj 19 hrvatskih visokotehnoloskih poduzeca (među ostalim PLIVE, Koncara, Željezare Sisak, Ericssona Nikole Tesle i Podravke). Provedeno je 20 polustrukturiranih intervjua s akterima hrvatskoga istraživacko-razvojnog sektora te su analizirane službene monografije poduzeca, arhivska građa, kao i drugi izvori o tim poduzecima. Prvi svjetski rat i osnivanje monarhisticke Jugoslavije znatno su pridonijeli nastanku hrvatske visokotehnoloske industrije, jer je strani kapital zbog pristupa novom tržistu zasticenom visokim carinama ulagao u stvaranje novih poduzeca. Pripreme za Drugi svjetski rat i sam rat omogucili su rast nekih industrija vezanih uz ratnu ekonomiju. Nakon raskida sa Sovjetskim Savezom specifican je poluperiferni položaj socijalisticke Jugoslavije hrvatskim poduzecima omogucavao brže približavanje jezgri u odnosu na poduzeca iz drugih socijalistickih zemalja Srednje Europe. Nestanak Istocnog bloka i raspad Jugoslavije onemogucavala su analizirana poduzeca u koristenju svoje poluperiferne pozicije upravo u trenutku kad su se događale bitne promjene u svjetskoj ekonomiji, tj. nastanak tehnoglobalizma. No, neka su se analizirana visokotehnoloska poduzeca uspjela ukljuciti u tehnoglobalisticke mreže, među ostalim i zbog svoga poluperifernog položaja, ili su nastavile svoj samostalan razvoj. --------------- IN ENGLISH: This paper argues that in the research on the state of the Croatian economy, emphasis should be put on historical contingency and on the geopolitical position of Croatia in order to complement prevailing explanations that accentuate cultural, inner-political or ideological factors. With the critical use of the modern world system theory and advocating eventful sociology and path-dependent analysis, the article analyses the influences of the First and Second World Wars, the Informbiro Resolution, the disappearance of the Eastern bloc and the break-up of Yugoslavia on the development of the Croatian economy. The influence of geopolitical changes on the Croatian economy and the creation of path dependencies were observed through the establishment and development of 19 Croatian high-tech companies (among others; PLIVA, Koncar, Željezara Sisak, Ericsson Nikola Tesla and Podravka). Twenty semi-structured interviews with the actors of the Croatian R&D sector were conducted and official monographs, archival material and other sources dealing with these companies were analysed. The First World War and the establishment of monarchist Yugoslavia contributed significantly to the emergence of Croatian high-tech industry, as foreign capital was invested in the establishment of new companies in order to gain access to the new market that was protected by high tariffs. Preparations for the Second World War and the war itself enabled the rise of industries connected to the war economy. After the split with the Soviet Union, a specific semi-peripheral position of socialist Yugoslavia allowed Croatian companies to have closer relations with the core countries than was the case with companies from other Central European socialist countries. The disappearance of the Eastern bloc and the break-up of Yugoslavia prevented the companies analysed from using their semi-peripheral status precisely in the period of significant changes in the world economy, i.e. the emergence of techno-globalism. However, some of the high-tech companies analysed have succeeded in joining techno-global networks, among other things because of their semi-peripheral position, or were able to continue their autonomous development.