Binational Gatekeepers

IF 0.7 Q4 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS & LABOR Labour-England Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI:10.1215/15476715-8767314
Lauren Braun-Strumfels
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Abstract

While the 1891 and 1893 Immigration Acts established inspection protocols that remained in place for decades, less is known about how US agents initially translated gatekeeping laws into the durable policy directives that had a profound effect on the migration of working-class people. Before the “qualitative” restriction of specific racial, social, and economic conditions transitioned to a period of “quantitative” or enumerated exclusion by the 1920s, the US government had to establish a structure to carry out the work of exclusion, but this early era of qualitative gatekeeping is less understood. Italian encounters with federal agents at Ellis Island show how the 1891 and 1893 laws empowered the administrative state to carry out the work of exclusion shadowed by the banality of bureaucratic decision-making. The records of the short-lived Office of Labor Information and Protection for Italians (1894–99), the only outpost of a foreign government allowed to operate in the main processing building on Ellis Island, offers a rare snapshot of the gatekeeping process in its crucial early years. Given that Italians were the single largest ethnic group to be processed at Ellis Island over its sixty-two-year history and the primary target of inspectors in the station’s first decade, their experiences with bureaucratic exclusion illuminate how the United States moved to systematically control working-class migration.
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两个民族的守门
尽管1891年和1893年的《移民法》确立了检查协议,并在几十年的时间里一直有效,但人们对美国特工最初是如何将把关法转化为对工人阶级移民产生深远影响的持久政策指令的,却知之甚少。到20世纪20年代,在对特定种族、社会和经济条件的“定性”限制过渡到“定量”或枚举的排斥时期之前,美国政府不得不建立一种结构来开展排斥工作,但这种早期的定性把关却鲜为人知。意大利人在埃利斯岛与联邦探员的遭遇表明,1891年和1893年的法律如何赋予行政国家权力,使其能够在官僚决策的平庸阴影下开展排除工作。意大利劳工信息和保护办公室(Office of Labor Information and Protection for italy, 1894 - 1899)是唯一一个获准在埃利斯岛的主要处理大楼里运作的外国政府前哨,其记录为关键的早期守门过程提供了罕见的快照。考虑到意大利人是埃利斯岛62年历史上被处理的最大种族群体,也是该站头十年检查员的主要目标,他们被官僚排斥的经历说明了美国是如何系统地控制工人阶级移民的。
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来源期刊
Labour-England
Labour-England INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS & LABOR-
CiteScore
1.30
自引率
16.70%
发文量
25
期刊介绍: LABOUR provides a forum for analysis and debate on issues concerning labour economics and industrial relations. The Journal publishes high quality contributions which combine economic theory and statistical methodology in order to analyse behaviour, institutions and policies relevant to the labour market.
期刊最新文献
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