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Discrimination toward the visually impaired and quota policies in the labor market 对视障者的歧视和劳动力市场的配额政策
IF 0.7 Q4 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS & LABOR Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1111/labr.12282
Sylvain Chareyron, Yannick L'Horty, Louise Mbaye, Pascale Petit

We measure discrimination in access to employment toward people with visual impairment in France and explore its relationship with two public policies designed to facilitate the integration of disabled people into the workforce: the obligation on the employer to adapt the workstation, and a quota policy intended to incentivize the hiring of people with disabilities. We use the correspondence test method in combination with a difference-in-differences strategy, to explore the effects of these different policies. We show that applicants with visual impairments face significant discrimination, and we suggest that the level of discrimination is influenced by both policies.

我们测量了法国在就业方面对视力障碍者的歧视,并探讨了这种歧视与两项旨在促进残疾人融入劳动力队伍的公共政策之间的关系:雇主有义务改造工作站,以及旨在激励雇用残疾人的配额政策。我们使用对应检验法结合差分策略来探讨这些不同政策的效果。我们的研究表明,有视力障碍的求职者面临着严重的歧视,而且我们认为歧视程度受到这两种政策的影响。
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引用次数: 0
The impact of a multifaceted program on fragile individuals. Evidence from an RCT in Italy 多方面计划对脆弱个体的影响。来自意大利一项 RCT 的证据
IF 0.7 Q4 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS & LABOR Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1111/labr.12281
Daniela Del Boca, Chiara Pronzato

The increase in poverty rates among families and individuals in Italy over the past two decades can be attributed largely to repeated periods of economic crisis. Growing concern over the problem has driven interest in the role of policy in supporting household welfare. Responding to the currently limited access to (or provision of) public aid and assistance, private institutions and philanthropic foundations have stepped up their efforts to create new initiatives for alleviating poverty. In this paper, we use a randomized control trial (RCT) to evaluate the impact of a new Italian program aimed at supporting vulnerable individuals in four separate but related areas of household welfare: employment, financial circumstances, family responsibilities and housing conditions. The program, known as Integro, was introduced by the Compagnia di San Paolo, one of Italy's largest philanthropic institutions. Our findings indicate a positive and statistically significant impact of Integro on three of the four target outcomes considered, with only the fourth (housing conditions) not being affected. We also sought to identify any initial conditions potentially influencing the extent to which participants benefit from the program. Is Integro equally effective for everyone? According to our data, the program provides the best outcomes for males reporting lower human capital and greater socio-emotional stability.

过去二十年来,意大利家庭和个人贫困率的上升主要归因于经济危机的反复爆发。对这一问题的日益关注促使人们关注政策在支持家庭福利方面的作用。由于目前获得(或提供)公共援助和协助的机会有限,私人机构和慈善基金会加大了力度,以制定新的扶贫计划。在本文中,我们采用随机对照试验(RCT)的方法来评估意大利一项新计划的影响,该计划旨在为弱势人群提供四个独立但相关的家庭福利方面的支持:就业、经济状况、家庭责任和住房条件。该计划名为 Integro,由意大利最大的慈善机构之一圣保罗慈善基金会推出。我们的研究结果表明,Integro 计划对四项目标结果中的三项产生了积极的、具有统计学意义的影响,只有第四项(住房条件)没有受到影响。我们还试图找出任何可能影响参与者从该计划中受益程度的初始条件。Integro 对每个人都同样有效吗?根据我们的数据,该计划为报告人力资本较低和社会情感稳定性较高的男性提供了最好的结果。
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引用次数: 0
Fiscal financing with labour markets frictions 存在劳动力市场摩擦的财政融资
IF 0.7 Q4 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS & LABOR Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1111/labr.12280
Dennis Wesselbaum

In this paper, we study the effect of search and matching frictions, i.e., equilibrium unemployment, on fiscal financing decisions in the United States. We build a Real Business Cycle model with labour market frictions and a rich set of fiscal tools and estimate the model using Bayesian methods on US data for various fiscal rule specifications. Most importantly, we find that the model with unemployment, output and debt in the fiscal rules fits the data best. Under the fiscal rule that best fits the data, the reaction of fiscal instruments to output and debt are significantly quantitatively different than a rule that ignores unemployment. Fiscal instruments react stronger to cyclical factors except transfers. These changes also affect model dynamics in response to fundamental non-fiscal shocks.

在本文中,我们研究了搜索和匹配摩擦(即均衡失业率)对美国财政融资决策的影响。我们建立了一个包含劳动力市场摩擦和丰富的财政工具的真实商业周期模型,并使用贝叶斯方法对美国数据中的各种财政规则规格进行了估计。最重要的是,我们发现财政规则中包含失业、产出和债务的模型最符合数据。在最符合数据的财政规则下,财政工具对产出和债务的反应与忽略失业率的规则在数量上有显著不同。除转移支付外,财政工具对周期性因素的反应更强。这些变化也影响了模型对基本非财政冲击的动态反应。
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引用次数: 0
Earnings assimilation of post-reunification East German migrants in West Germany 统一后东德移民在西德的收入同化情况
IF 0.7 Q4 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS & LABOR Pub Date : 2024-06-10 DOI: 10.1111/labr.12279
Regina T. Riphahn, Irakli Sauer

We investigate the wage assimilation of East Germans who migrated to West Germany after reunification (1990–99). We compare their wage assimilation to that of ethnic German immigrants from Eastern Bloc countries and international immigrants to West Germany who arrived at the same time. The analysis uses administrative as well as survey data. The results suggest that East Germans faced significant initial earnings disadvantages in West Germany, even conditional on age and education. However, these disadvantages were smaller than those of international immigrants, supporting the beneficial role of cultural similarity. The earnings gap relative to West German natives narrowed over time for all immigrants. These findings are robust to controlling for potentially endogenous return migration and labor force participation. Controls for fixed effects reveal that positive assimilation for East German and international immigrants was concentrated among highly educated immigrants.

我们调查了统一后(1990-99 年)移民到西德的东德人的工资同化情况。我们将他们的工资同化情况与来自东部集团国家的德裔移民和同时到达西德的国际移民进行了比较。分析使用了行政和调查数据。结果表明,东德人在西德面临着显著的初始收入劣势,即使以年龄和教育程度为条件也是如此。然而,这些劣势要小于国际移民的劣势,支持了文化相似性的有利作用。随着时间的推移,所有移民与西德本地人的收入差距都在缩小。在控制潜在的内生回迁和劳动力参与的情况下,这些发现是稳健的。对固定效应的控制显示,东德移民和国际移民的积极同化主要集中在受过高等教育的移民身上。
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引用次数: 0
The gender gap in lifetime earnings: A microsimulation approach 终生收入的性别差距:微观模拟方法
IF 0.7 Q4 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS & LABOR Pub Date : 2024-06-03 DOI: 10.1111/labr.12274
Rick Glaubitz, Astrid Harnack-Eber, Miriam Wetter

To obtain a more complete understanding of the persisting gender earnings gap in Germany, this paper investigates both the cross-sectional and lifetime dimension of gender inequalities. Based on a dynamic microsimulation model, we analyse how gender differences accumulate over work lives to examine the lifetime dimension of the gender gap. We estimate an average gender gap in lifetime earnings of 51.5 per cent for birth cohorts 1964–72. We show that this unadjusted gender lifetime earnings gap increases strongly with the number of children, ranging from 17.3 per cent for childless women to 68.0 per cent for women with three or more children. Results from a counterfactual analysis approach show an adjusted gender gap in lifetime earnings of around 10 per cent, suggesting that the gender gap in lifetime earnings is rather driven by gender differences in observable characteristics than by differences in rewards.

为了更全面地了解德国持续存在的性别收入差距,本文对性别不平等的横截面和终生维度进行了研究。基于动态微观模拟模型,我们分析了性别差异是如何在工作生涯中不断累积的,从而研究了性别差距的终生维度。我们估计,在 1964-72 年出生的群体中,终生收入的平均性别差距为 51.5%。我们表明,这种未经调整的性别终生收入差距随着子女数量的增加而急剧扩大,从无子女妇女的 17.3%到有三个或三个以上子女妇女的 68.0%不等。反事实分析方法的结果显示,调整后的终生收入性别差距约为 10%,这表明终生收入的性别差距是由可观察特征的性别差异而非报酬差异造成的。
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引用次数: 0
Locus of control and performance pay: Evidence from US survey data 控制权与绩效薪酬:来自美国调查数据的证据
IF 0.7 Q4 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS & LABOR Pub Date : 2024-05-08 DOI: 10.1111/labr.12273
Benjamin C. Adams

This work examines the influence of locus of control on sorting into performance pay jobs. It uniquely examines different types of performance pay schemes, demonstrating sharp differences between them. Bivariate probit estimates indicate workers with an internal locus of control sort into individual schemes but not joint schemes. Wage equations reveal that adding locus of control modestly reduces the return to individual performance pay but that in more complete specifications, the return to an internal locus of control becomes vanishingly small, which suggests that its primary importance is in sorting (not only into performance pay but into education and occupation).

本研究探讨了控制位置对绩效薪酬工作分类的影响。它对不同类型的绩效薪酬计划进行了独特的研究,显示了它们之间的显著差异。双变量 probit 估计结果表明,具有内部控制力的工人会被分到单个计划中,而不是联合计划中。工资方程显示,增加控制力会适度降低个人绩效薪酬的回报率,但在更完整的规范中,内部控制力的回报率变得微乎其微,这表明内部控制力的主要作用在于分拣(不仅是绩效薪酬分拣,还有教育和职业分拣)。
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引用次数: 0
Does maternity leave reform impact on the labour supply of the elderly? Evidence from a natural experiment in Vietnam 产假改革对老年人的劳动力供给有影响吗?来自越南自然实验的证据
IF 0.7 Q4 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS & LABOR Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1111/labr.12272
Phuong Huu Khiem, Do Bao Linh, Tran Viet Khanh, Do Anh Tai

The aging population has been rising rapidly in every country, slowing the labour force and causing lower per capita growth. Many policies incentivize working in old age as it can alleviate the challenges of the aging population. This study examines the impacts of the extended maternity leave reform in Vietnam on elderly labour market outcomes. As grandparents' childcare responsibility may be reduced by maternal childcare following the extended maternal leave, especially for elderly living with children smaller than 1 year old, the reform gives older adults or grandparents more flexibility to join the labour market. Using the difference-in-differences model, we find that older people in the treatment group are more likely to return to the labour market following the reform implementation. The effect is positive and most robust for the self-employment group rather than waged employment and for males rather than females. Our study suggests that there is a need for a policy design to shift public finance into the healthcare and pension system.

每个国家的人口老龄化都在迅速加剧,导致劳动力增长放缓,人均增长率下降。许多政策鼓励老年人工作,因为这可以缓解人口老龄化带来的挑战。本研究探讨了越南延长产假改革对老年劳动力市场结果的影响。由于延长产假后,祖父母的育儿责任可能会因母亲的育儿责任而减少,特别是对于与小于 1 岁的孩子生活在一起的老年人来说,这项改革为老年人或祖父母加入劳动力市场提供了更大的灵活性。利用差分模型,我们发现在改革实施后,治疗组中的老年人更有可能重返劳动力市场。对于自营职业群体而非有薪就业群体以及男性而非女性而言,这种效应是积极的,也是最稳健的。我们的研究表明,有必要进行政策设计,将公共财政转移到医疗保健和养老金体系中。
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引用次数: 0
Firm-size wage-gaps and hierarchy: Evidence from Canada 公司规模工资差距与等级制度:加拿大的证据
IF 0.7 Q4 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS & LABOR Pub Date : 2024-04-09 DOI: 10.1111/labr.12269
Ibrahim Bousmah

I investigate the role of hierarchy in explaining wage differential between Canadian large and small firms. I use the confidential-use files of the Labour Force Survey (LFS) from 2016 to 2022 and exploit the mini-panels form to control for time-invariant unobserved heterogeneity. The results show that the Canadian employer size wage effects for managers are approximately twice those for non-managers which is consistent with the results of prior studies for other countries. Managers who move from a small to a large firm have earnings increase of 20%, twice the estimated size-wage differential of non-managers (11%). The results also demonstrate that low-skill workers moving from a small to a large firm have earnings increase of 5.3% which is significantly lower than high-skill workers (14.1%). Those results support the role of the hierarchy in explaining an important part of the size-wage effect for Canadian workers.

我研究了等级制度在解释加拿大大型企业和小型企业之间工资差异中的作用。我使用了 2016 年至 2022 年劳动力调查(LFS)的保密使用档案,并利用小型面板形式控制了时间不变的非观测异质性。结果显示,加拿大雇主规模对经理人的工资影响大约是非经理人的两倍,这与之前对其他国家的研究结果一致。从小型企业转入大型企业的管理人员的收入增长了 20%,是非管理人员规模-工资差异估计值(11%)的两倍。研究结果还表明,低技能工人从小型企业转入大型企业后,收入增长 5.3%,明显低于高技能工人(14.1%)。这些结果支持了等级制度在解释加拿大工人的规模-工资效应中的重要作用。
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引用次数: 0
Labor market monopsony power in the manufacturing sector of four Sub-Saharan African countries 撒哈拉以南非洲四国制造业的劳动力市场垄断力量
IF 0.7 Q4 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS & LABOR Pub Date : 2024-03-24 DOI: 10.1111/labr.12271
Samiul Haque, Micheal S. Delgado

We estimate labor market monopsony power among manufacturing firms in four Sub-Saharan African countries using a parametric production function approach on panel dataset. Pooled estimate suggests that wages are approximately 38 percent of the marginal revenue product of labor, implying a labor supply elasticity of 0.62. Nonparametric robustness checks indicate these results are robust to concerns over parametric model misspecification. Departure from competitive labor market leads to approximately 50.80 percent higher employer rent, 75.61 percent lower employee rent, and 15.95 percent deadweight loss. Overall, our results are suggestive of monopsonistic labor markets.

我们使用面板数据集上的参数生产函数方法估算了四个撒哈拉以南非洲国家制造业企业的劳动力市场垄断力。汇总估算结果表明,工资约占劳动力边际收益产品的 38%,这意味着劳动力供给弹性为 0.62。非参数稳健性检验表明,这些结果对参数模型规范错误的担忧是稳健的。脱离竞争性劳动力市场会导致雇主租金增加约 50.80%,雇员租金减少 75.61%,以及 15.95% 的自重损失。总体而言,我们的结果表明了劳动力市场的垄断性。
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引用次数: 0
Public–private wage differentials in Tunisia: Consistency and decomposition 突尼斯的公私工资差异:一致性和分解
IF 0.7 Q4 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS & LABOR Pub Date : 2024-03-20 DOI: 10.1111/labr.12270
Mohamed Amara, Wajih Khallouli, Faicel Zidi

In this paper, we estimate and decompose the public–private wage differentials for urban areas, using the 2012 Tunisia urban youth survey. Oaxaca decomposition results suggest that, on average, public sector workers earn more than their private counterparts. Additionally, the results indicate that a substantial part of the conditional gap in urban areas can be attributed to observed characteristics. Human capital, particularly education, are the main reason behind the observed log-wage advantages. Using unconditional quantile decomposition, our findings reveal that, for urban areas, the discrimination effect becomes more pronounced at the upper quantiles of the wage distribution. Separate analyses by gender and educational levels show that male workers across both sectors receive higher compensation than their female counterparts, with a more pronounced gender gap in private sector. Less educated workers are compensated much more in the public sector than in the private sector, while the wage differential for skilled workers decreases rapidly through the distribution.

在本文中,我们利用 2012 年突尼斯城市青年调查,估算并分解了城市地区的公私工资差异。瓦哈卡分解结果表明,平均而言,公共部门工人的收入高于私营部门工人。此外,结果表明,城市地区条件差距的很大一部分可归因于观察到的特征。人力资本,尤其是教育,是观察到的对数工资优势背后的主要原因。利用无条件量值分解法,我们的研究结果表明,对于城市地区而言,歧视效应在工资分布的高量值处变得更加明显。按性别和教育水平进行的单独分析表明,两个部门的男性工人都比女性工人获得更高的报酬,私营部门的性别差距更为明显。受教育程度较低的工人在公共部门得到的报酬远远高于私营部门,而熟练工人的工资差距则在工资分布中迅速缩小。
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引用次数: 0
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Labour-England
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