You Should Be Ashamed of Yourself: Culture and Shame Driven Personal Growth

IF 2.4 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI:10.1177/00220221231183151
Nethmie Liyanage, Ramila Usoof-Thowfeek
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Abstract

Although shame is largely viewed as a negative, destructive emotion, it is very commonly exercised in collectivistic cultures. Shame, an emotion thought to confront the self, often leading to maladaptive self-defensive actions, has been shown to also harbor a positive potential that can motivate people toward self-improvement. Collectivistic cultures that promote shame appear to rely on this positive potential of shame. This article reviews available literature to explore how and why shame lends itself to personal growth in the collectivistic cultures, contradicting its evidenced tendency to provoke self-defense. An extensive study of the literature uncovered four cultural differences in the perception of self, namely, in self-esteem, self-enhancement, self-concept inconsistency, and incremental belief of self which this article argues lead to self-defensiveness or self-improvement. We also argue that lower levels of self-esteem and self-enhancement observed in collectivistic cultures, as well as the propensity to perceive self as inconsistent and incremental, facilitate the positive action potential of shame, preventing self-defense reactions. We conclude that, while self-threatening shame can be more destructive than adaptive in certain cultures, collectivistic cultures tend to depend on their capacity to avail themselves of the positive potential of shame to ensure successful communal living.
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你应该为自己感到羞耻:文化和羞耻驱动的个人成长
尽管羞耻在很大程度上被视为一种消极的、破坏性的情绪,但它在集体主义文化中非常常见。羞耻,一种被认为是面对自我的情绪,通常会导致不适应的自我防御行为,也被证明具有积极的潜力,可以激励人们自我完善。提倡羞耻感的集体主义文化似乎依赖于这种羞耻感的积极潜力。本文回顾了现有的文献,探讨在集体主义文化中,羞耻感是如何以及为什么会促进个人成长的,这与其引发自卫的明显倾向相矛盾。对文献的广泛研究揭示了自我感知的四种文化差异,即自尊、自我增强、自我概念不一致和对自我的渐进信念,本文认为这些差异会导致自我防御或自我完善。我们还认为,在集体主义文化中观察到的较低水平的自尊和自我增强,以及认为自我不一致和递增的倾向,有助于羞耻的积极行动潜力,防止自卫反应。我们得出的结论是,虽然在某些文化中,自我威胁的羞耻感可能更具破坏性,而不是适应性,但集体主义文化往往取决于他们利用羞耻感的积极潜力来确保成功的集体生活的能力。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
4.60
自引率
6.70%
发文量
69
期刊介绍: Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology publishes papers that focus on the interrelationships between culture and psychological processes. Submitted manuscripts may report results from either cross-cultural comparative research or results from other types of research concerning the ways in which culture (and related concepts such as ethnicity) affect the thinking and behavior of individuals as well as how individual thought and behavior define and reflect aspects of culture. Review papers and innovative reformulations of cross-cultural theory will also be considered. Studies reporting data from within a single nation should focus on cross-cultural perspective. Empirical studies must be described in sufficient detail to be potentially replicable.
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