Planning for Earthquakes and Tsunamis: Lessons from Japan for British Columbia, Canada

IF 5 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Progress in Planning Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI:10.1016/j.progress.2021.100626
David W. Edgington
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引用次数: 4

Abstract

In this paper I consider how international experience in the management of catastrophic natural disasters might be transferable across jurisdictions by comparing two study areas, the Tōhoku coastal region of northeast Japan, and the coastal area of southwest British Columbia (BC), Canada. I present a conceptual framework recognizing that good practice from one jurisdiction can be useful in improving disaster management planning in another. This framework also underscores that disaster management experience from overseas should be interpreted carefully, taking into account national and local conditions. Empirically, I re-examine the 2011 Great Japan Earthquake and the stricken Tōhoku region at the time of its tenth anniversary to see what lessons might be learned for disaster planning in southwest BC. Both study areas face exposure to hazards involving low probability/high impact mega-earthquakes and tsunami, and both have taken steps to reduce the vulnerability of coastal communities and infrastructure. In the case of the BC southwest coast this region is vulnerable to both a catastrophic magnitude 9 earthquake and tsunami resulting from the rupture of the Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ). When compared to Japan, however, BC lacks a history of major seismic events close to population centers and has little direct experience of planning for large earthquakes and tsunami events along its coastline. To help discern which particular features of Japan’s planning for (and response to) the Great East Japan Earthquake might yield policy implications for BC, I use the four pillars of disaster management as analytical tools: (1) the mitigation of risk, (2) disaster preparedness, (3) the emergency response, and (4) post-disaster recovery. The study methodology involved extensive site visits to both the Tōhoku region of Japan and southwest BC, face-to-face interviews with disaster managers and first responders, a review of relevant policy documents and reports of the Great East Japan Earthquake, together with a review of current disaster management practice in BC. The results revealed interesting comparisons between the two jurisdictions, signaling that the Japanese system had moved to a ‘culture of preparedness’, whereas the BC system was still being modernized to focus on proactive disaster planning. There are many policy suggestions from the Japanese experience in 2011 that deserve consideration for adapting into BC earthquake and tsunami planning. These include the urgency of seismic retrofitting programs, the adoption of a pro-active approaches to triggering emergency recovery operations, advance coordination with construction companies to assist relief and recovery as well as advance planning for large-scale temporary housing programs. The challenges and policy missteps experienced in Japan’s planning and response operations at the time of the Great East Japan Earthquake are also noted, such as an overreliance on sea walls to prevention tsunami inundation, together with deficient escape plans in some local communities.

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地震和海啸的规划:日本给加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省的教训
在本文中,我通过比较两个研究区域,即日本东北部沿海地区Tōhoku和加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省西南部沿海地区,来考虑灾难性自然灾害管理方面的国际经验如何在不同司法管辖区之间进行转移。我提出了一个概念性框架,认识到一个司法管辖区的良好做法可能有助于改善另一个司法管辖区的灾害管理规划。这一框架还强调,应考虑到国家和地方的情况,仔细解释来自海外的灾害管理经验。从经验上看,我重新审视了2011年日本大地震和受灾的Tōhoku地区,在地震十周年之际,看看卑诗省西南部的灾难规划可以吸取什么教训。这两个研究区域都面临着低概率/高影响的大地震和海啸的危害,并且都采取了措施来减少沿海社区和基础设施的脆弱性。以不列颠哥伦比亚省西南海岸为例,该地区容易受到卡斯卡迪亚俯冲带(CSZ)破裂导致的9级灾难性地震和海啸的影响。然而,与日本相比,不列颠哥伦比亚省缺乏靠近人口中心的大地震事件的历史,并且在规划沿海地区的大地震和海啸事件方面几乎没有直接的经验。为了帮助辨别日本对东日本大地震的规划(和响应)的哪些特定特征可能会对卑诗省产生政策影响,我使用灾害管理的四个支柱作为分析工具:(1)降低风险,(2)备灾,(3)应急响应,(4)灾后恢复。研究方法包括对日本Tōhoku地区和不列颠哥伦比亚省西南部进行广泛的实地考察,与灾害管理人员和第一响应者进行面对面访谈,审查有关东日本大地震的政策文件和报告,以及审查不列颠哥伦比亚省目前的灾害管理实践。结果揭示了两个司法管辖区之间有趣的比较,表明日本的系统已经转向“备灾文化”,而不列颠哥伦比亚省的系统仍在现代化,专注于积极的灾难规划。日本在2011年的经验中有许多政策建议值得考虑,以适应不列颠哥伦比亚省的地震和海啸规划。这些措施包括抗震改造项目的紧迫性、采取积极主动的方法触发紧急恢复行动、提前与建筑公司协调以协助救灾和恢复,以及提前规划大规模临时住房项目。报告还指出了日本在东日本大地震时的规划和反应行动中遇到的挑战和政策失误,例如过度依赖海堤来防止海啸淹没,以及一些地方社区缺乏逃生计划。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
10.70
自引率
1.60%
发文量
26
审稿时长
34 days
期刊介绍: Progress in Planning is a multidisciplinary journal of research monographs offering a convenient and rapid outlet for extended papers in the field of spatial and environmental planning. Each issue comprises a single monograph of between 25,000 and 35,000 words. The journal is fully peer reviewed, has a global readership, and has been in publication since 1972.
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