An Unbeliever Can Rule Dār al-Islām: Ḥanafī Law in the Wake of the Mongol Invasion

IF 0.3 2区 哲学 0 RELIGION Islamic Law and Society Pub Date : 2023-03-28 DOI:10.1163/15685195-bja10039
Edith X. Chen
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Abstract

Prior to the Mongol invasion of Iran in the 7th/13th century, Ḥanafī jurists had adopted two definitions of Islamic lands (dār al-islām): according to a “lenient” definition attributed to Abū Ḥanīfa, an unbelieving ruler may rule over dār al-islām, and according to a “strict” definition attributed to Abū Yūsuf and al-Shaybānī, he may not. As the Mongols overran Central Asia and Iran, later Ḥanafīs began to favor the lenient definition so that lands under non-Muslim occupation might retain the status of dār al-islām as long as Muslims had security and the freedom to worship. In this article, I evaluate the assumptions about Mongol rule that underpin the lenient definition. Persian historians such as Waṣṣāf and Shabānkāraʾī report that the Mongols permitted self-rule, and Muslims were adjudicated in their own courts according to Islamic law. Local histories support the claim that Islamic life can continue under occupation by nonbelievers.
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一个不信道的人可以在蒙古入侵后统治Dār al-Islām:ḤanafīLaw
在7/13世纪蒙古入侵伊朗之前,Ḥanafī法学家对伊斯兰土地(dār al-islām)采用了两种定义:根据AbāḤ一个不信教的统治者可能会统治dār al-islām,根据AbúYúsuf和al-Shaybānī的“严格”定义,他可能不会。后来蒙古人占领了中亚和伊朗Ḥanafīs开始赞成宽松的定义,这样,只要穆斯林有安全和礼拜自由,非穆斯林占领下的土地就可以保留dār al-islām的地位。在这篇文章中,我评估了关于蒙古统治的假设,这些假设是宽容定义的基础。Wa等波斯历史学家ṣṣāf和Shabānkāraʾī报告说,蒙古人允许自治,穆斯林根据伊斯兰法律在自己的法庭上得到裁决。当地历史支持这样一种说法,即伊斯兰生活可以在非信徒的占领下继续。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
1.00
自引率
20.00%
发文量
16
期刊介绍: Islamic Law and Society provides a forum for research in the field of classical and modern Islamic law, in Muslim and non-Muslim countries. Celebrating its sixteenth birthday in 2009, Islamic Law and Society has established itself as an invaluable resource for the subject both in the private collections of scholars and practitioners as well as in the major research libraries of the world. Islamic Law and Society encourages discussion on all branches of Islamic law, with a view to promoting an understanding of Islamic law, in both theory and practice, from its emergence until modern times and from juridical, historical and social-scientific perspectives. Islamic Law and Society offers you an easy way to stay on top of your discipline.
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