Analysis of Flap Failures in Microvascular Head and Neck Reconstructions: 11-Year Single-Center Results

Abstract

Abstract Background  Free flap reconstruction is the gold standard in head and neck reconstructions. The current article analyzes failed free flaps in the head and neck region during an 11-year period in a single center aiming to discover factors that could be influenced in order to reduce the risk for flap failure. Methods  During the 11-year study period, 336 patients underwent free flap reconstruction at Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland. The patients' average age was 62 years (range 14–92 years). Note that 201 (61.5%) of the patients were women and 135 (38.5%) men. Medical records were reviewed for demographics, comorbidities, neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies, free flap type, area of reconstruction, and intraoperative and postoperative complications. Statistical analyses were performed. Results  Ten (3%) of the 336 free flaps failed. Patients' age, comorbidities, smoking, dosage of anticoagulation, free flap type, or the location of the defect did not influence the risk of flap failure. All lost flaps were postoperatively followed by clinical monitoring only. In contrast, 89% of all flaps had both Licox (Integra LifeSciences Corp, NJ) and clinical follow-up postoperatively. In six (60%) of the failed cases, a second free flap surgery was performed as a salvage procedure, with a survival rate of 83.3%. Conclusion  Our free flap success rate of 97% is in accordance with that of other centers that perform head and neck reconstructions. According to our findings, free flap reconstructions can be successfully performed on elderly patients and patients with comorbidities. Smoking did not increase the flap loss rate. We encourage the use of other methods in addition to clinical monitoring to follow the flaps after head and neck free flap reconstructions. All flap types used have high success rates, and reconstruction can be conducted with the most suitable flaps for the demands of the defect.