Assessment of the ecotoxicological effects of deltamethrin to Daphnia magna: Linking sub-individual and supra-individual parameters

S. Rodrigues , M.I. Teixeira , B.S. Diogo , S.C. Antunes
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Abstract

Deltamethrin (DM) is a pyrethroid insecticide, widely used worldwide, and is known to be toxic to diverse aquatic organisms. This work intended to evaluate the ecotoxicological effects of DM in Daphnia magna. To calculate the LC50 and EC50 values, an acute bioassay was conducted with a range of DM concentrations (0.1-150 µg/L). A chronic bioassay was also performed with a range of DM concentrations (18.66-100 ng/L). In both assays, a negative and a solvent control (acetone) were also tested. Life history parameters (reproduction and growth) were evaluated. Biochemical quantifications were also assessed regarding antioxidant and biotransformation capacity, oxidative damage, neurotoxicity, energy reserves content, and genotoxicity. LC50 values and confidence interval at 95 % (CI95) were 64.13 (CI95: 46.40–81.85) and 65.22 (CI95: 43.17–87.27) μg/L, and EC50 values were 0.68 (CI95: 0.54–0.81) and 0.31 (CI95: 0.23–0.39) μg/L, for 24 h and 48 h, respectively. Regarding life-history parameters, only the lower DM concentration tested (18.7 ng/L) induced a significant increase in the rate of population increase (r). A significant increase in the solvent control was recorded for N1 fecundity, reproductive output, and r. Biochemical effects were only observed in terms of antioxidant/detoxification mechanisms (18.7, 32.6, 100 ng/L and solvent control) and oxidative damage (>18.7 ng/L and solvent control) but did not show an evident pattern of oxidative stress promoted by DM. Depletion of energy reserves (glycogen content) was observed from the lowest concentration tested as well as for the solvent control, and DNA damage up to 100 ng/L of DM was also observed. Future investigations (e.g. ecotoxicological studies with exposure of other aquatic organisms to environmentally relevant concentrations for longer exposure periods) would be required to confirm DM’s toxicity under ecologically relevant conditions. Moreover, the solvent effects in an ecotoxicological approach must be clarified.

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溴氰菊酯对大水蚤的生态毒理学效应评价:亚个体与超个体参数的关联
溴氰菊酯(DM)是一种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂,在世界范围内广泛使用,已知对多种水生生物有毒。本工作旨在评估DM对大型瑞香的生态毒理学影响。为了计算LC50和EC50值,在一定范围的DM浓度(0.1-150µg/L)下进行了急性生物测定。在一定范围(18.66-100 g/L)的DM浓度下也进行了慢性生物测定。两种测定中,还测试了阴性和溶剂对照(丙酮)。对生活史参数(繁殖和生长)进行了评估。还评估了抗氧化和生物转化能力、氧化损伤、神经毒性、能量储备含量和遗传毒性方面的生化定量。在24小时和48小时内,95%(CI95)的LC50值和置信区间分别为64.13(CI95:46.40-81.85)和65.22(CI95:43.17-87.27)μg/L,EC50值分别为0.68(CI95:0.54–0.81)和0.31(CI95:0.23–0.39)μg/L。关于生活史参数,只有较低的DM浓度(18.7纳克/升)才能显著提高人口增长率(r)。N1繁殖力、生殖产量和r在溶剂控制中显著增加。仅在抗氧化/解毒机制(18.7、32.6、100ng/L和溶剂控制)和氧化损伤(>18.7 ng/L和溶液控制)方面观察到生化效应,但没有显示出DM促进的氧化应激的明显模式。从测试的最低浓度以及溶剂对照中观察到能量储备(糖原含量)的消耗,并且还观察到高达100ng/L的DM的DNA损伤。未来的调查(例如,将其他水生生物暴露在与环境相关的浓度下更长时间的生态毒理学研究)将需要确认DM在与生态相关的条件下的毒性。此外,必须澄清生态毒理学方法中的溶剂效应。
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