Infectivity of symptomatic Plasmodium vivax cases to different generations of wild-caught and laboratory-adapted Anopheles arabiensis using a membrane feeding assay, Ethiopia

Tenaye Ayele , Biniam Wondale , Girum Tamiru , Nigatu Eligo , Bernt Lindtjørn , Fekadu Massebo
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Abstract

When measuring human to mosquito transmission of Plasmodium spp., laboratory-adapted (colony) mosquitoes can be utilized. To connect transmission studies to the local epidemiology, it can be important to comprehend the relationship between infectivity in laboratory-adapted (colony) and wild-caught (wild) mosquitoes of the same species. Microscopically confirmed Plasmodium vivax cases were recruited from health facilities in Arba Minch town, and a nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) was used for subsequent confirmation. We performed paired membrane-feeding assays using colony An. arabiensis and three generations of wild origin An. arabiensis. Anopheles arabiensis aged 3–6 days were fed after being starved for 8–14 h. Microscopically, the oocyst development was evaluated at day 7 after feeding. Circumsporozoite proteins (CSPs) assay was carried out by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In 19 paired feeding experiments, the feeding efficiency was more than doubled in colony (median: 62.5%; interquartile range, IQR: 35–78%) than in wild mosquitoes (median: 28.5%; IQR: 17.5–40%; P < 0.001). Among the 19 P. vivax gametocyte-positive blood samples, 63.2% (n = 12) were infective to wild An. arabiensis and 73.7% (n = 14) were infective to colony An. arabiensis. The median infection rate was twice as high (26%) in the colony than in the wild (13%) An. arabiensis, although the difference was marginally insignificant (P = 0.06). Although the observed difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.19), the median number of oocysts per midgut was more than twice as high (17.8/midgut) in colony than in wild (7.2/midgut) An. arabiensis. The median feeding efficiency was 26.5% (IQR: 18–37%) in F1, 29.3% (IQR: 28–40%) in F2 and 31.2% (IQR: 30–37%) in F3 generations of wild An. arabiensis. Also, no significant difference was observed in oocyst infection rate and load between generations of wild An. arabiensis. CSP rate of P. vivax was 3.1% (3/97; 95% CI: 0.6–8.8%) in wild and 3.6% (3/84; 95% CI: 0.7–10.1%) in colony An. arabiensis. The results of the present study revealed that oocyst infection and load/midgut, and CSP rate were roughly comparable, indicating that colony mosquitoes can be employed for infectivity studies, while larger sample sizes may be necessary in future studies.

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埃塞俄比亚有症状的间日疟原虫病例对不同世代野生捕获和实验室适应的阿拉伯按蚊的感染力
在测量疟原虫在人与蚊子之间的传播时,可以利用实验室适应的(群体)蚊子。为了将传播研究与当地流行病学联系起来,了解同一物种的实验室适应(群体)蚊子和野生捕获(野生)蚊子的传染性之间的关系可能很重要。显微镜下确认的间日疟原虫病例是从Arba Minch镇的卫生机构招募的,随后使用嵌套聚合酶链式反应(nPCR)进行确认。我们使用菌落阿拉伯安和三代野生来源阿拉伯安进行了成对的膜饲养试验。3-6天龄的阿拉伯按蚊在饥饿8-14小时后喂食。显微镜下,在喂食后第7天评估卵囊发育情况。采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)进行了外孢子虫蛋白(CSPs)测定。在19个配对喂食实验中,群体的喂食效率(中位数:62.5%;四分位间距,IQR:35-78%)比野生蚊子(中位数:28.5%;IQR:17.5-40%;P<;0.001)增加了一倍多。间日配子体阳性血液标本中,63.2%(n=12)对野生阿拉伯安氏菌具有感染性,73.7%(n=14)对菌落阿拉伯安氏杆菌具有感染性。菌落中的中位感染率(26%)是野生(13%)阿拉伯安的两倍,尽管差异微不足道(P=0.06)。尽管观察到的差异没有统计学意义(P=0.19),但菌落中每只中肠的卵囊中位数量(17.8/只中肠)比野生(7.2/只中肠道)阿拉伯安高出一倍多。野生阿拉伯安F1代的中位饲养效率为26.5%(IQR:18-37%),F2代为29.3%(IQR:28-40%),F3代为31.2%(IQR:30-37%)。此外,野生阿拉伯安的卵囊感染率和载量在各代之间也没有显著差异。间日疟原虫的CSP率在野生环境中为3.1%(3/97;95%置信区间:0.6-8.8%),在阿氏菌落中为3.6%(3/84;95%置信度:0.7-10.1%)。本研究的结果显示,卵囊感染和载量/中肠率以及CSP率大致相当,这表明菌落蚊子可以用于传染性研究,而在未来的研究中可能需要更大的样本量。
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