Preliminary assessment of Onchocerca-induced visual impairment using clinical fundus camera in Gashaka local government area of Taraba state, north eastern Nigeria

Abstract

Introduction

Onchocerciasis is the world's second leading cause of infectious blindness and remains a major problem in parts of Africa. In light of the efforts targeted towards improving ongoing elimination program, this study assessed onchocerca-induced visual impairments in Gashaka local government areas (LGA) in Taraba State, north-eastern Nigeria.

Methods

In 2019, we recruited 158 consenting visually impaired persons across three communities in Garbabi ward of Gashaka LGA. To avoid confusion with co-endemic trachoma, the integrity of the tarsal conjunctiva, eyelashes were assessed using direct light. The anterior segment of the eye was also examined using a torchlight with oblique illumination. However, the posterior segment of the eye was assessed using a fundus camera. Two photographic images for the left and right eye of each participant were captured using the clinical fundus camera. The photographic eye images that were too dark were discarded, and only clear images were analyzed by two ophthalmologists. An ocular manifestation report was recorded for each participant following consensus between the ophthalmologists.

Results

Of the 316 photographic eye images, almost half 146 (46.2%) from 73 participants were just too destroyed for light to penetrate and was not included in the analysis. Only 170 from 85 participants were clear and examinable. A total of 33 (39%) participants had chorioretinitis suggestive of onchocerciasis, including 22(25.9%) with chorio-retinal atrophy, 7(8.2%) and 4(4.7%) had chorioretinal atrophy in combination with early cataract and signs of trachoma respectively. In addition, 3(3.5%) of the participant had eye images which showed lens opacities, 1(1.2%) showed signs of keratoconus and 1(1.2%) showed a scared and pigmented cornea, possibly due to onchocerciasis. Furthermore, 28 (32.9%) had some ill-defined changes and 19 (22.4%) showed poorly defined chorio-retinal atrophy.

Conclusion

In a bid to sustain MDA gains towards elimination of onchocerciasis, this work highlights the need for continuous assessment of onchocerciasis induced visual impairment, strengthening of ivermectin delivery and optimizing compliance and patient care among affected populations. These would require resource acquisition and local capacity building. Our preliminary findings call for further operational research on ocular morbidity as well as future stakeholders' consultations in this important and understudied area.