Pub Date : 2026-02-04DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2026.e00480
Daniel Felipe Buitrago Linares , Kauê Rodriguez Martins , Paola Renata Joanol Dallmann , Sthéphani Alves Branco Camargo , Oluwagbemiga Ademola Dada , Éverton Fagonde da Silva , Fabio Pereira Leivas Leite , Marlete Brum Cleff , Rodrigo Casquero Cunha
Ehrlichia canis is a pathogen that causes a multisystemic disease in dogs of all ages and sexes and belongs to a genus with zoonotic potential. This study aimed to determine the molecular prevalence of E. canis in a population of dogs with no clinical suspicion of ehrlichiosis, examined at the Hospital de Clínicas Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (HCV, UFPel). Blood samples from 95 dogs were analyzed at the Veterinary Molecular Biology Laboratory (LabMol-Vet) using nested PCR (nPCR) targeting a 16S rDNA fragment. Amplified products were analyzed by electrophoresis on 1.5% agarose gel and visualized under UV light, revealing a molecular prevalence of 16.84% (16/95). Two PCR products were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis, providing complementary confirmation. This study represents one of the few molecular prevalence investigations conducted in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and underscore the need for continuous monitoring and further studies to better understand the dynamics of infection.
{"title":"Molecular prevalence of Ehrlichia canis in dogs examined at the Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias of Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Southern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil","authors":"Daniel Felipe Buitrago Linares , Kauê Rodriguez Martins , Paola Renata Joanol Dallmann , Sthéphani Alves Branco Camargo , Oluwagbemiga Ademola Dada , Éverton Fagonde da Silva , Fabio Pereira Leivas Leite , Marlete Brum Cleff , Rodrigo Casquero Cunha","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2026.e00480","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2026.e00480","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Ehrlichia canis</em> is a pathogen that causes a multisystemic disease in dogs of all ages and sexes and belongs to a genus with zoonotic potential. This study aimed to determine the molecular prevalence of <em>E. canis</em> in a population of dogs with no clinical suspicion of ehrlichiosis, examined at the Hospital de Clínicas Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (HCV, UFPel). Blood samples from 95 dogs were analyzed at the Veterinary Molecular Biology Laboratory (LabMol-Vet) using nested PCR (nPCR) targeting a 16S rDNA fragment. Amplified products were analyzed by electrophoresis on 1.5% agarose gel and visualized under UV light, revealing a molecular prevalence of 16.84% (16/95). Two PCR products were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis, providing complementary confirmation. This study represents one of the few molecular prevalence investigations conducted in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and underscore the need for continuous monitoring and further studies to better understand the dynamics of infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article e00480"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-03DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2026.e00479
Obey Daga , Thokozani Hove , Silvester Chikerema , Vladimir Grosbois , Christopher Gadzirai , Frédéric Stachurski , Mathieu Bourgarel , Laure Guerrini
Ticks cause significant economic losses in the Zimbabwean livestock sector. Conventional control methods such as plunge dipping or hand spraying are costly, water-intensive, and often impractical, particularly during dry seasons. This study evaluated the efficacy of amitraz acaricide footbaths in reducing tick infestations on cattle and goat across three sites in the Highveld and Lowveld regions of Zimbabwe between February and October 2023. Tick infestation levels were compared between livestock managed using conventional tick control methods (plunge dipping complemented by tick grease application in Lowveld, or complete body hand spraying in the highveld) and livestock managed using footbathing complemented by tick grease application. A total of 21,500 ticks representing eight species were collected on 48 cattle and 48 goats. The effects of treatment and season on tick infestation were tested using zero-inflated negative binomial regression models, which accounted for excess zeros and overdispersion in tick count data. In the Lowveld, footbaths significantly reduced cattle tick infestation by the 3 most abundant tick species: Ripicephalus microplus (40% reduction), Amblyoma. hebraeum (51%) and R. decoloratus (43%). Significant reductions in infestation rate by A. hebraeum (70%) and R. decoloratus (68%) was also observed on goats from the same Lowveld site. In the Highveld goat site, footbath significantly reduced infestation by A. hebraeum (91%), R. appendiculatus (46%), R. decoloratus (49%) and R. evertsi evertsi (82%) on goats. In the Highveld cattle site where the conventional method to control ticks was complete body hand spraying, footbathing was not more effective than the conventional method for controlling R. decoloratus, the dominant tick species. Tick counts varied seasonally, with Rhipicephalus subgenus Boophilus ticks most abundant on cattle, during the dry season in Lowveld and during the rainy season in Highveld). Similarly, footbath did not perform better than conventional methods to control Hyalomma tick species (i.e. H. truncatum and H. rufides) found in goats and cattle in the Highveld and Lowveld sites. The study also shows patterns of seasonal variation (i.e. difference between the rainy season and the dry season) in ticks infestation rates that differ depending on site, host species and tick species. These findings suggest that acaricide footbaths provide a practical, low-cost alternative for tick control in both cattle and goats, especially in areas with limited water resources.
{"title":"Efficacy of amitraz acaricide footbaths against cattle and goat tick infestations on sites in Highveld and Lowveld regions of Zimbabwe","authors":"Obey Daga , Thokozani Hove , Silvester Chikerema , Vladimir Grosbois , Christopher Gadzirai , Frédéric Stachurski , Mathieu Bourgarel , Laure Guerrini","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2026.e00479","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2026.e00479","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ticks cause significant economic losses in the Zimbabwean livestock sector. Conventional control methods such as plunge dipping or hand spraying are costly, water-intensive, and often impractical, particularly during dry seasons. This study evaluated the efficacy of amitraz acaricide footbaths in reducing tick infestations on cattle and goat across three sites in the Highveld and Lowveld regions of Zimbabwe between February and October 2023. Tick infestation levels were compared between livestock managed using conventional tick control methods (plunge dipping complemented by tick grease application in Lowveld, or complete body hand spraying in the highveld) and livestock managed using footbathing complemented by tick grease application. A total of 21,500 ticks representing eight species were collected on 48 cattle and 48 goats. The effects of treatment and season on tick infestation were tested using zero-inflated negative binomial regression models, which accounted for excess zeros and overdispersion in tick count data. In the Lowveld, footbaths significantly reduced cattle tick infestation by the 3 most abundant tick species: <em>Ripicephalus microplus</em> (40% reduction), <em>Amblyoma. hebraeum</em> (51%) and <em>R. decoloratus</em> (43%). Significant reductions in infestation rate by <em>A. hebraeum</em> (70%) and <em>R. decoloratus</em> (68%) was also observed on goats from the same Lowveld site. In the Highveld goat site, footbath significantly reduced infestation by <em>A. hebraeum</em> (91%), <em>R. appendiculatus</em> (46%), <em>R. decoloratus</em> (49%) and <em>R. evertsi evertsi</em> (82%) on goats. In the Highveld cattle site where the conventional method to control ticks was complete body hand spraying, footbathing was not more effective than the conventional method for controlling <em>R. decoloratus</em>, the dominant tick species. Tick counts varied seasonally, with <em>Rhipicephalus</em> subgenus <em>Boophilus</em> ticks most abundant on cattle, during the dry season in Lowveld and during the rainy season in Highveld). Similarly, footbath did not perform better than conventional methods to control Hyalomma tick species (i.e. <em>H. truncatum</em> and <em>H. rufides</em>) found in goats and cattle in the Highveld and Lowveld sites. The study also shows patterns of seasonal variation (i.e. difference between the rainy season and the dry season) in ticks infestation rates that differ depending on site, host species and tick species. These findings suggest that acaricide footbaths provide a practical, low-cost alternative for tick control in both cattle and goats, especially in areas with limited water resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article e00479"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2026.e00477
Karol J. Marwa , Maria Zinga , Hussein R. Mnkungwe , Ritah Mutagonda , Anthony Kapesa , Richard O. Mwaiswelo , Bruno Mmbando , John P.A. Lusingu , Erasmus Kamugisha
Background
Resistance to antimalarial drugs has been a major hindrance towards malaria control and elimination. Extensive drug use may increase pressure on parasites, thereby promoting the emergence and spread of resistance, particularly when drug levels are below minimum inhibitory concentrations. Therefore, this review aimed to assess the magnitude of pre-treatment with antimalarial drugs among patients attending health facilities.
Methods
Studies reporting residual drug levels among Plasmodium falciparum malaria patients were searched through the Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), LILACS, and EMBASE online databases. The protocol for the review was registered at PROSPERO (Reference number: CRD42024581540). Two independent reviewers extracted data. Potential publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot. Pooled proportion estimates were calculated using a random-effects model, and heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistics.
Results
Fifteen (15) studies involving 3522 malaria patients were included in the analysis. The heterogeneity among the studies included in the meta-analysis was high (I2 > 95% and p < 0.01). The overall estimated pooled proportions of malaria patients with pre-treatment drug levels using the random effects model were 24.0% (95% CI 16.0%- 34.0%), with the pooled proportion estimates being higher in Africa (31.0%, 95% CI 19.0%- 44.0%) than in Asia (11.0%, 95% CI 5.0%- 18.0%). Subgroup analysis (per drug type) showed that the pooled proportion estimates of malaria patients with pre-treatment drug levels were higher for Chloroquine and Lumefantrine (55.0%, 95% CI 26.0%–82.0% & 34.0%, 95% CI 10.0%–63.0%, respectively), contributed by most studies from Africa. With regard to mefloquine, the proportion estimates were 10.0%, 95% CI 01.0%–26.0% contributed by most studies from Asia.
Conclusion
The substantial pooled proportions of malaria patients with pre-treatment drug levels imply the existence of drug pressure, which is potential for the development of antimalarial drug resistance.
对抗疟药物的耐药性一直是控制和消除疟疾的主要障碍。广泛使用药物可能增加对寄生虫的压力，从而促进耐药性的出现和传播，特别是当药物水平低于最低抑制浓度时。因此，本综述旨在评估在卫生机构就诊的患者中使用抗疟药物进行前治疗的程度。方法通过Medline、Cochrane中央对照试验注册（Central）、LILACS和EMBASE在线数据库检索报告恶性疟原虫疟疾患者残留药物水平的研究。该审查方案已在PROSPERO注册（参考编号：CRD42024581540）。两名独立的审稿人提取了数据。使用漏斗图评估潜在的发表偏倚。使用随机效应模型计算合并比例估计值，并使用I2统计量评估异质性。结果共纳入15项研究，共涉及3522例疟疾患者。纳入meta分析的研究间异质性较高（I2 > 95%, p < 0.01）。使用随机效应模型估计治疗前药物水平的疟疾患者的总体合并比例为24.0% (95% CI 16.0%- 34.0%)，其中非洲的合并比例估计（31.0%,95% CI 19.0%- 44.0%）高于亚洲（11.0%,95% CI 5.0%- 18.0%）。亚组分析（每种药物类型）显示，治疗前药物水平较高的疟疾患者中氯喹和氨苯曲明（分别为55.0%,95% CI 26.0%-82.0%和34.0%,95% CI 10.0%-63.0%），大部分研究来自非洲。甲氟喹的比例估计为10.0%，95% CI为01.0%-26.0%，大部分研究来自亚洲。结论疟疾患者治疗前药物水平较高，提示存在药物压力，有可能产生耐药。
{"title":"Residual antimalarial drug concentrations before treatment in malaria patients in Asia and Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis depicting its implication for drug pressure","authors":"Karol J. Marwa , Maria Zinga , Hussein R. Mnkungwe , Ritah Mutagonda , Anthony Kapesa , Richard O. Mwaiswelo , Bruno Mmbando , John P.A. Lusingu , Erasmus Kamugisha","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2026.e00477","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2026.e00477","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Resistance to antimalarial drugs has been a major hindrance towards malaria control and elimination. Extensive drug use may increase pressure on parasites, thereby promoting the emergence and spread of resistance, particularly when drug levels are below minimum inhibitory concentrations. Therefore, this review aimed to assess the magnitude of pre-treatment with antimalarial drugs among patients attending health facilities.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Studies reporting residual drug levels among <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> malaria patients were searched through the Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), LILACS, and EMBASE online databases. The protocol for the review was registered at PROSPERO (Reference number: CRD42024581540). Two independent reviewers extracted data. Potential publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot. Pooled proportion estimates were calculated using a random-effects model, and heterogeneity was assessed using I<sup>2</sup> statistics.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Fifteen (15) studies involving 3522 malaria patients were included in the analysis. The heterogeneity among the studies included in the meta-analysis was high (I<sup>2</sup> > 95% and <em>p</em> < 0.01). The overall estimated pooled proportions of malaria patients with pre-treatment drug levels using the random effects model were 24.0% (95% CI 16.0%- 34.0%), with the pooled proportion estimates being higher in Africa (31.0%, 95% CI 19.0%- 44.0%) than in Asia (11.0%, 95% CI 5.0%- 18.0%). Subgroup analysis (per drug type) showed that the pooled proportion estimates of malaria patients with pre-treatment drug levels were higher for Chloroquine and Lumefantrine (55.0%, 95% CI 26.0%–82.0% & 34.0%, 95% CI 10.0%–63.0%, respectively), contributed by most studies from Africa. With regard to mefloquine, the proportion estimates were 10.0%, 95% CI 01.0%–26.0% contributed by most studies from Asia.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The substantial pooled proportions of malaria patients with pre-treatment drug levels imply the existence of drug pressure, which is potential for the development of antimalarial drug resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article e00477"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146077866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-03DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2026.e00476
Abbas Ali Ghasemi , Elham Akhlaghi , Zahra Babaei , Naser Zia-ali , Sima Rostami , Mehdi Borhani , Tayyebeh Ghasemi , Majid Fasihi Harandi
Free-living amoebae (FLA) are widely distributed protozoans in various habitats. Some genera of these amoebae have the potential to be pathogenic to humans. The aim of this study was to identify the distribution of different FLA species in various environmental sources in Kerman, southeastern Iran. A total of 141 samples, including city fountains, tap water, and soil samples, were collected from various regions of the city. After filtration and cultivation on non-nutrient agar, molecular analysis was performed using PCR-sequencing with genus specific primers for Acanthamoeba, Balamuthia, Vahlkampfidae, and Hartmannella. PCR- sequencing fountain water samples revealed the presence of Acanthamoeba, Hartmannella and Naegleria species. Among the sequences obtained from Acanthamoeba isolates, 72.7 %, 18.2 %, and 9.1 % belonged to the genotype T4, T3, and T6, respectively. Two Naegleria species were identified as Naegleria canariensis and N. australiensis. Molecular analysis of tap water samples showed the presence of Acanthamoeba T6 genotype and Hartmannella (Vermamoeba) vermiformis. Sequencing of soil samples revealed the presence of Acanthamoeba lenticulata (T5) and Vermamoeba vermiformis species. The presence of potentially pathogenic FLA in urban environments in Iran presents potential hazards of infection for the people and appropriate measures needed to minimize the risks to human health including disinfection of water systems using chlorine dioxide, molecular monitoring, the implementation of educational measures for the public and health professionals.
{"title":"Molecular identification of potentially pathogenic free-living amoebae in environmental samples from urban areas of Kerman, Southeastern Iran","authors":"Abbas Ali Ghasemi , Elham Akhlaghi , Zahra Babaei , Naser Zia-ali , Sima Rostami , Mehdi Borhani , Tayyebeh Ghasemi , Majid Fasihi Harandi","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2026.e00476","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2026.e00476","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Free-living amoebae (FLA) are widely distributed protozoans in various habitats. Some genera of these amoebae have the potential to be pathogenic to humans. The aim of this study was to identify the distribution of different FLA species in various environmental sources in Kerman, southeastern Iran. A total of 141 samples, including city fountains, tap water, and soil samples, were collected from various regions of the city. After filtration and cultivation on non-nutrient agar, molecular analysis was performed using PCR-sequencing with genus specific primers for <em>Acanthamoeba</em>, <em>Balamuthia, Vahlkampfidae</em>, and <em>Hartmannella</em>. PCR- sequencing fountain water samples revealed the presence of <em>Acanthamoeba</em>, <em>Hartmannella</em> and <em>Naegleria</em> species. Among the sequences obtained from <em>Acanthamoeba</em> isolates, 72.7 %, 18.2 %, and 9.1 % belonged to the genotype T4, T3, and T6, respectively. Two <em>Naegleria</em> species were identified as <em>Naegleria canariensis</em> and <em>N. australiensis</em>. Molecular analysis of tap water samples showed the presence of <em>Acanthamoeba</em> T6 genotype and <em>Hartmannella (Vermamoeba) vermiformis</em>. Sequencing of soil samples revealed the presence of <em>Acanthamoeba lenticulata</em> (T5) and <em>Vermamoeba vermiformis</em> species. The presence of potentially pathogenic FLA in urban environments in Iran presents potential hazards of infection for the people and appropriate measures needed to minimize the risks to human health including disinfection of water systems using chlorine dioxide, molecular monitoring, the implementation of educational measures for the public and health professionals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article e00476"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00475
Archile Paguem , Pierre Kamtsap , Kingsley Tanyi Manchang , Alfons Renz , Sabine Schaper , Gerhard. Dobler , Robert E. Rollins , Lidia Chitimia-Dobler
Ticks are blood-sucking arthropods which can vector various, pathogenic microorganisms between humans and domestic or wild animal hosts. In Cameroon, little is still known about the diversity of ticks and tick-borne pathogens found feeding on these various hosts. This study investigates the frequency of positive pools of Borrelia spp. and Rickettsia spp. in 415 DNA pools arising from 1148 collected ticks belonging to five genera and twenty-five tick species collected from both domestic and wild animals in Cameroon. Tick species were identified morphologically and confirmed molecularly when necessary. All tick pools were tested for Rickettsia spp. and Borrelia spp. using molecular methods of which 18.01 % and 10.38 % of tick pools tested positive for Rickettsia or Borrelia DNA, respectively. This is the first Borrelia spp. detection in ticks collected from wild animals in Cameroon. Three species of Rickettsia were found in ticks feeding on domestic animals, namely, Rickettsia africae, Rickettsia aeschlimannii, and Rickettsia massiliae. Borrelia spp. in Cameroon are closely related to Candidatus Borrelia javanensis from China, as well as Candidatus Borrelia africana and Candidatus Borrelia ivorensis from the Ivory Coast. Although the risk this Borrelia species could pose to humans or animals is currently not known, both Rickettsia species are known to cause human disease warranting continuous monitoring and future research to determine the overall public health risk these microorganisms could pose.
{"title":"Molecular identification of Borrelia and Rickettsia in hard ticks infesting domestic and wild animals in Cameroon","authors":"Archile Paguem , Pierre Kamtsap , Kingsley Tanyi Manchang , Alfons Renz , Sabine Schaper , Gerhard. Dobler , Robert E. Rollins , Lidia Chitimia-Dobler","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00475","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00475","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ticks are blood-sucking arthropods which can vector various, pathogenic microorganisms between humans and domestic or wild animal hosts. In Cameroon, little is still known about the diversity of ticks and tick-borne pathogens found feeding on these various hosts. This study investigates the frequency of positive pools of <em>Borrelia</em> spp. and <em>Rickettsia</em> spp. in 415 DNA pools arising from 1148 collected ticks belonging to five genera and twenty-five tick species collected from both domestic and wild animals in Cameroon. Tick species were identified morphologically and confirmed molecularly when necessary. All tick pools were tested for <em>Rickettsia</em> spp. and <em>Borrelia</em> spp. using molecular methods of which 18.01 % and 10.38 % of tick pools tested positive for <em>Rickettsia</em> or <em>Borrelia</em> DNA, respectively. This is the first <em>Borrelia</em> spp. detection in ticks collected from wild animals in Cameroon. Three species of <em>Rickettsia</em> were found in ticks feeding on domestic animals, namely, <em>Rickettsia africae, Rickettsia aeschlimannii</em>, and <em>Rickettsia massiliae. Borrelia</em> spp. in Cameroon are closely related to <em>Candidatus</em> Borrelia javanensis from China, as well as <em>Candidatus</em> Borrelia africana and <em>Candidatus</em> Borrelia ivorensis from the Ivory Coast. Although the risk this <em>Borrelia</em> species could pose to humans or animals is currently not known, both <em>Rickettsia</em> species are known to cause human disease warranting continuous monitoring and future research to determine the overall public health risk these microorganisms could pose.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article e00475"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00474
Suad M.B. Hussain , Wjdaan M. Alsehli , Renad S. Alanzi , Mo'awia Mukhtar Hassan , Chellasamy Panneerselvam , Ghazi A. Alatawi , Al Thabiani Aziz , Hatem A. Al-Aoh , Kamalesh Balakumar Venkatesan
The present study reports the green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Pulicaria undulata extract and evaluates their larvicidal and antibacterial potential. UV–Visible spectroscopy confirmed ZnO NP formation by a sharp peak at 294 nm, indicating surface plasmon resonance and nanoparticle stability. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed irregular, agglomerated nanoparticles with heterogeneous morphology, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed a crystalline wurtzite hexagonal structure with high purity and crystallinity. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) identified hydroxyl, carboxylic, and ZnO functional groups, highlighting the role of plant phytochemicals in nanoparticle stabilization. Histopathological analysis demonstrated significant tissue damage in Aedes aegypti larvae treated with ZnO NPs, including midgut disruption and muscular degeneration, suggesting strong larvicidal activity. Antibacterial assays against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus showed concentration-dependent zones of inhibition, with S. aureus exhibiting higher susceptibility. SEM images of bacterial cells post-treatment revealed severe morphological damage, including membrane rupture and shrinkage, confirming the antibacterial mechanism via structural disruption. Overall, the biosynthesized ZnO NPs exhibit promising eco-friendly properties with effective larvicidal and antibacterial activity, indicating their potential applications in mosquito vector control and antimicrobial therapeutics.
{"title":"Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Pulicaria undulata extract: Evaluation of antibacterial and larvicidal efficacy against Aedes aegypti","authors":"Suad M.B. Hussain , Wjdaan M. Alsehli , Renad S. Alanzi , Mo'awia Mukhtar Hassan , Chellasamy Panneerselvam , Ghazi A. Alatawi , Al Thabiani Aziz , Hatem A. Al-Aoh , Kamalesh Balakumar Venkatesan","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00474","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00474","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study reports the green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using <em>Pulicaria undulata</em> extract and evaluates their larvicidal and antibacterial potential. UV–Visible spectroscopy confirmed ZnO NP formation by a sharp peak at 294 nm, indicating surface plasmon resonance and nanoparticle stability. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed irregular, agglomerated nanoparticles with heterogeneous morphology, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed a crystalline wurtzite hexagonal structure with high purity and crystallinity. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) identified hydroxyl, carboxylic, and Zn<img>O functional groups, highlighting the role of plant phytochemicals in nanoparticle stabilization. Histopathological analysis demonstrated significant tissue damage in <em>Aedes aegypti</em> larvae treated with ZnO NPs, including midgut disruption and muscular degeneration, suggesting strong larvicidal activity. Antibacterial assays against <em>Escherichia coli</em> and <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> showed concentration-dependent zones of inhibition, with <em>S. aureus</em> exhibiting higher susceptibility. SEM images of bacterial cells post-treatment revealed severe morphological damage, including membrane rupture and shrinkage, confirming the antibacterial mechanism <em>via</em> structural disruption. Overall, the biosynthesized ZnO NPs exhibit promising eco-friendly properties with effective larvicidal and antibacterial activity, indicating their potential applications in mosquito vector control and antimicrobial therapeutics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article e00474"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections remain a major public health challenge in low-resource settings. This cross-sectional study examined the prevalence and risk factors of STH infections among reproductive-aged women (15–49 years) from the Bengali and Santal communities in Northwestern Bangladesh. A total of 352 women participated in a questionnaire assessing STH-related knowledge and practices, with 188 providing stool samples for parasitological analysis. The study revealed an overall STH prevalence of 81.9 % (154/188) among the surveyed women. Ascaris lumbricoides was the predominant species, infecting 78.72 % (148/188, 95 % CI: 72.0–84.2 %) of participants, followed by hookworm species 5.31 % (10/188, 95 % CI: 2.7–9.8 %) and Trichuris trichiura 3.19 % (6/188, 95 % CI: 1.3–7.1 %). Socioeconomic factors such as low income, limited education, occupation, and unsanitary toilet facilities were significantly associated with STH infections. Poor hygiene practices, consumption of undercooked food, and inadequate health education were also linked to higher infection rates. Additionally, irregular nail trimming and infrequent deworming medication use emerged as key behavioral risk factors. These findings underscore the need for targeted health education, improved sanitation, and regular deworming programs to reduce STH transmission. Strengthening community-based interventions and promoting hygienic practices could significantly alleviate the STH burden among rural women in Northwestern Bangladesh.
{"title":"Prevalence and risk factors of soil-transmitted helminth infections in Northwestern Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study on Bengali and Santal women","authors":"Aleya Begum , Fahmida Tasnim Liza , Mandira Mukutmoni , Kanij Fatema Oishee , Tilak Chandra Nath","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00473","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00473","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections remain a major public health challenge in low-resource settings. This cross-sectional study examined the prevalence and risk factors of STH infections among reproductive-aged women (15–49 years) from the Bengali and Santal communities in Northwestern Bangladesh. A total of 352 women participated in a questionnaire assessing STH-related knowledge and practices, with 188 providing stool samples for parasitological analysis. The study revealed an overall STH prevalence of 81.9 % (154/188) among the surveyed women. <em>Ascaris lumbricoides</em> was the predominant species, infecting 78.72 % (148/188, 95 % CI: 72.0–84.2 %) of participants, followed by hookworm species 5.31 % (10/188, 95 % CI: 2.7–9.8 %) and <em>Trichuris trichiura</em> 3.19 % (6/188, 95 % CI: 1.3–7.1 %). Socioeconomic factors such as low income, limited education, occupation, and unsanitary toilet facilities were significantly associated with STH infections. Poor hygiene practices, consumption of undercooked food, and inadequate health education were also linked to higher infection rates. Additionally, irregular nail trimming and infrequent deworming medication use emerged as key behavioral risk factors. These findings underscore the need for targeted health education, improved sanitation, and regular deworming programs to reduce STH transmission. Strengthening community-based interventions and promoting hygienic practices could significantly alleviate the STH burden among rural women in Northwestern Bangladesh.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article e00473"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00470
Mamoudou Cissé , Alamissa Soulama , Constant Sirima , Arthur D. Djibougou , Souleymane Gnissi , Seydou Nakanabo-Diallo , Muhammed Afolabi , Issaka Zongo
Background
Limited evidence exists regarding the current epidemiology of Schistosoma (S.) haematobium infection following decades of mass drug administration implementation in many areas of Burkina Faso, including the Cascades region, which is predominantly a riverine community with a high risk of schistosomiasis. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and correlates of S. haematobium infection and microhaematuria among schoolchildren in the municipality of Banfora, southwestern Burkina Faso.
Methods
An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in November 2024 among schoolchildren aged 5–15 years in the Banfora municipality. Sociodemographic and water contact data were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Each consenting child provided a freshly voided urine sample, which was examined for the presence of S. haematobium eggs and microhaematuria using the urine filtration technique and urine multistix reagent test strips, respectively. Correlates of S. haematobium infection and microhaematuria were determined using multivariable logistic regression.
Results
The mean age of the children was 8.79 ± 2.22 years. Of the 300 school children tested, 11 (3.67 %) were found to be infected with S. haematobium eggs. The geometric mean intensity of S. haematobium infection was 14.94 eggs/10 mL of urine (95 % CI: 4.96–44.98), and 27.27 % of the infected participants (3/11) had a heavy infection. The prevalence of microhaematuria was 13.33 % (40/300). Being a boy was the main risk factor for S. haematobium infection (adjusted OR: 11.0, 95 % CI: 2.5–48.2), while having a urinary tract infection was significantly associated with S. haematobium infection (adjusted OR: 59.6, 95 % CI: 6.9–515.7). Risk factors for microhaematuria included living in rural areas (adjusted OR: 8.3, 95 % CI: 2.4–28.6) and S. haematobium infection (adjusted OR: 31.3, 95 % CI: 5.9–165.8).
Conclusions
Our findings show that S. haematobium infection is hypoendemic in the Banfora municipality. However, the high prevalence of heavy infections is a particular concern, and targeted treatment strategies and complementary measures, including health education, should prioritize school-aged children living in rural areas.
{"title":"Epidemiology of Schistosoma haematobium infection and microhaematuria among schoolchildren in a setting of sustained mass drug administration in Banfora, Burkina Faso","authors":"Mamoudou Cissé , Alamissa Soulama , Constant Sirima , Arthur D. Djibougou , Souleymane Gnissi , Seydou Nakanabo-Diallo , Muhammed Afolabi , Issaka Zongo","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00470","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00470","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Limited evidence exists regarding the current epidemiology of <em>Schistosoma (S.) haematobium</em> infection following decades of mass drug administration implementation in many areas of Burkina Faso, including the Cascades region, which is predominantly a riverine community with a high risk of schistosomiasis. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and correlates of <em>S. haematobium</em> infection and microhaematuria among schoolchildren in the municipality of Banfora, southwestern Burkina Faso.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in November 2024 among schoolchildren aged 5–15 years in the Banfora municipality. Sociodemographic and water contact data were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Each consenting child provided a freshly voided urine sample, which was examined for the presence of <em>S. haematobium</em> eggs and microhaematuria using the urine filtration technique and urine multistix reagent test strips, respectively. Correlates of <em>S. haematobium</em> infection and microhaematuria were determined using multivariable logistic regression.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The mean age of the children was 8.79 ± 2.22 years. Of the 300 school children tested, 11 (3.67 %) were found to be infected with <em>S. haematobium</em> eggs. The geometric mean intensity of <em>S. haematobium</em> infection was 14.94 eggs/10 mL of urine (95 % CI: 4.96–44.98), and 27.27 % of the infected participants (3/11) had a heavy infection. The prevalence of microhaematuria was 13.33 % (40/300). Being a boy was the main risk factor for <em>S. haematobium</em> infection (adjusted OR: 11.0, 95 % CI: 2.5–48.2), while having a urinary tract infection was significantly associated with <em>S. haematobium</em> infection (adjusted OR: 59.6, 95 % CI: 6.9–515.7). Risk factors for microhaematuria included living in rural areas (adjusted OR: 8.3, 95 % CI: 2.4–28.6) and <em>S. haematobium</em> infection (adjusted OR: 31.3, 95 % CI: 5.9–165.8).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our findings show that <em>S. haematobium</em> infection is hypoendemic in the Banfora municipality. However, the high prevalence of heavy infections is a particular concern, and targeted treatment strategies and complementary measures, including health education, should prioritize school-aged children living in rural areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article e00470"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145718927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00471
Getaneh Mengistu , Zinaye Tekeste , Daniel Mehabie , Solomon Tesfaye , Amir Alelign
Background
Tuberculosis (TB) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality globally, particularly in developing countries. However, in some parts of Ethiopia there is limited information on the prevalence, associated risk factors and the level of drug resistant TB. Therefore, this study aimed to determine TB prevalence, identify associated risk factors, and assess rifampicin resistance in Sekota Town, northwest Ethiopia.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to June 2023 at Tefera Hailu Memorial Hospital in Sekota town. Morning sputum and fine needle aspirate samples from pulmonary and extrapulmonary cases, respectively, were collected from 422 individuals who visited the hospital during the study period, and the samples were tested for Mycobacterium tuberculosis using the GeneXpert MTB/RIF molecular assay. A structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and clinical data.
Results
The overall prevalence of all forms of TB in this study was 19.90 %. Of the overall TB cases, 52.4 % were pulmonary (EPTB), whereas 47.6 % were extra-pulmonary (PTB). Among TB positive cases, the prevalence of rifampicin resistant TB was determined to be 2.4 %. Students (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 4.66; 95 % CI: 1.11–19.61), pastoralists (AOR = 2.75; 95 % CI: 1.19–6.33), and merchants (AOR = 13.96; 95 % CI: 1.20–162.40) had higher odds of TB infection. Regular alcohol consumption (AOR = 2.62; 95 % CI: 1.10–6.24) and contact with TB patients (AOR = 3.95; 95 % CI: 2.02–7.33) were associated with increased odds of TB infection. HIV sero-positives and those over the age of 45 years were also found to be more likely to be infected with TB. The prevalence of rifampicin-resistant TB among confirmed cases was 2.4 %.
Conclusion
The study revealed a high prevalence of TB, with risk factors including HIV infection, alcohol use, contact with TB patients, and high-risk occupational and social groups such as students, merchants, and pastoralists. Targeted TB prevention and control efforts focusing on these high-risk populations are needed to reduce the disease burden in the study area.
{"title":"Prevalence, risk factors, and rifampicin resistance pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Sekota town, Northwest Ethiopia","authors":"Getaneh Mengistu , Zinaye Tekeste , Daniel Mehabie , Solomon Tesfaye , Amir Alelign","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00471","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00471","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Tuberculosis (TB) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality globally, particularly in developing countries. However, in some parts of Ethiopia there is limited information on the prevalence, associated risk factors and the level of drug resistant TB. Therefore, this study aimed to determine TB prevalence, identify associated risk factors, and assess rifampicin resistance in Sekota Town, northwest Ethiopia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to June 2023 at Tefera Hailu Memorial Hospital in Sekota town. Morning sputum and fine needle aspirate samples from pulmonary and extrapulmonary cases, respectively, were collected from 422 individuals who visited the hospital during the study period, and the samples were tested for <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> using the GeneXpert MTB/RIF molecular assay. A structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and clinical data.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The overall prevalence of all forms of TB in this study was 19.90 %. Of the overall TB cases, 52.4 % were pulmonary (EPTB), whereas 47.6 % were extra-pulmonary (PTB). Among TB positive cases, the prevalence of rifampicin resistant TB was determined to be 2.4 %. Students (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 4.66; 95 % CI: 1.11–19.61), pastoralists (AOR = 2.75; 95 % CI: 1.19–6.33), and merchants (AOR = 13.96; 95 % CI: 1.20–162.40) had higher odds of TB infection. Regular alcohol consumption (AOR = 2.62; 95 % CI: 1.10–6.24) and contact with TB patients (AOR = 3.95; 95 % CI: 2.02–7.33) were associated with increased odds of TB infection. HIV sero-positives and those over the age of 45 years were also found to be more likely to be infected with TB. The prevalence of rifampicin-resistant TB among confirmed cases was 2.4 %.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The study revealed a high prevalence of TB, with risk factors including HIV infection, alcohol use, contact with TB patients, and high-risk occupational and social groups such as students, merchants, and pastoralists. Targeted TB prevention and control efforts focusing on these high-risk populations are needed to reduce the disease burden in the study area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article e00471"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145798701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leishmaniasis remains a global public health challenge. The exceptional biodiversity of Colombia includes numerous plants that constitute a promising resource for the development of new antileishmanial therapies.
Aim of the study
To systematically assess the in vitro antileishmanial activity of Colombian plants, estimate pooled IC₅₀ values through meta-analysis, and identify plant-derived preparations with favorable selectivity indices (SI) as potential candidates for further investigation.
Materials and methods
A systematic search (2000–April 2025) of PubMed, EMBASE, and LILACS identified in vitro studies reporting IC₅₀ values of Colombian plant-derived preparations against Leishmania spp. A random-effects model was used to estimate pooled IC₅₀ values. Risk of bias was assessed using a modified QUIN tool. Subgroup analyses explored methodological and biological factors such as plant part, extraction solvent, and taxonomic family.
Results
Thirteen studies provided complete data for meta-analysis. The pooled mean IC₅₀ was 37.89 μg/mL (95 % CI: 34.99–40.78), with substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 100 %), consistent with marked differences in plant species, plant parts, extraction solvents, Leishmania species/strains, cell lines, and assay protocols. Leaf essential oils of Xylopia discreta, crude leaf extracts of Lippia origanoides and Moquilea salicifolia, and bark/wood fractions of Handroanthus chrysanthus, exhibited potent in vitro leishmanicidal activity (IC₅₀ = 0.39–11.1 μg/mL) and high selectivity indices (SI = 18.9–134).
Conclusion
Colombian plants represent a promising source of leishmanicidal agents, with several species exhibiting strong in vitro antileishmanial activity and remarkably high SI values. However, since SI thresholds were originally established for purified compounds, their interpretation for other plant-derived preparations should be approached with caution. Moving toward standardized assays and reporting practices will be key to translating these findings into reproducible and actionable knowledge.
{"title":"Plants with promising antileishmanial activity in Colombia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Carlos Nieto-Clavijo , Liliana Morales , Guillermo Zambrano , Andrés Delgado-Aldana , Zayda-Lorena Corredor-Rozo , Eliana Patricia Calvo , Dario Tinjacá , Jacqueline Chaparro-Olaya","doi":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00467","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00467","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Leishmaniasis remains a global public health challenge. The exceptional biodiversity of Colombia includes numerous plants that constitute a promising resource for the development of new antileishmanial therapies.</div></div><div><h3>Aim of the study</h3><div>To systematically assess the <em>in vitro</em> antileishmanial activity of Colombian plants, estimate pooled IC₅₀ values through meta-analysis, and identify plant-derived preparations with favorable selectivity indices (SI) as potential candidates for further investigation.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>A systematic search (2000–April 2025) of PubMed, EMBASE, and LILACS identified <em>in vitro</em> studies reporting IC₅₀ values of Colombian plant-derived preparations against <em>Leishmania spp.</em> A random-effects model was used to estimate pooled IC₅₀ values. Risk of bias was assessed using a modified QUIN tool. Subgroup analyses explored methodological and biological factors such as plant part, extraction solvent, and taxonomic family.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Thirteen studies provided complete data for meta-analysis. The pooled mean IC₅₀ was 37.89 μg/mL (95 % CI: 34.99–40.78), with substantial heterogeneity (I<sup>2</sup> = 100 %), consistent with marked differences in plant species, plant parts, extraction solvents, <em>Leishmania</em> species/strains, cell lines, and assay protocols. Leaf essential oils of <em>Xylopia discreta</em>, crude leaf extracts of <em>Lippia origanoides</em> and <em>Moquilea salicifolia</em>, and bark/wood fractions of <em>Handroanthus chrysanthus</em>, exhibited potent <em>in vitro</em> leishmanicidal activity (IC₅₀ = 0.39–11.1 μg/mL) and high selectivity indices (SI = 18.9–134).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Colombian plants represent a promising source of leishmanicidal agents, with several species exhibiting strong <em>in vitro</em> antileishmanial activity and remarkably high SI values. However, since SI thresholds were originally established for purified compounds, their interpretation for other plant-derived preparations should be approached with caution. Moving toward standardized assays and reporting practices will be key to translating these findings into reproducible and actionable knowledge.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37873,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article e00467"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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