Removal of lower urinary tract stones by percutaneous cystolithotomy in domestic male ferrets (Mustela putorius furo): four cases (2017–2020)

Abstract

Background

Urinary tract stones are a common cause of clinical signs and urinary tract obstruction in male ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). Traditionally, stone removal is accomplished by cystotomy in ferrets while minimally invasive approaches, considered standard of care in human and small animal medicine, are not described.

Methods

Four male ferrets presented with obstructive urethral stones. Percutaneous cystolithotomy (PCCL) successfully relieved the obstruction in all 4 ferrets. In one ferret, the technique was used following an unsuccessful surgical cystotomy.

Results

The ferrets presented depression, dehydration, and lower urinary tract signs including dysuria, stranguria, pollakiuria or complete urethral obstruction, and bladder distention. Clinicopathologic findings were compatible with urinary obstruction and radiographs confirmed bladder or urethral stones in all ferrets. Among the 4 cases, 3 underwent the procedure without any intraprocedural complications. Postoperative radiographs confirmed the removal of all lower urinary tract stones and the ferrets were discharged within 24 hours after surgery. The remaining ferret, unfortunately, died during anesthetic recovery. All uroliths were found to be composed of 100% cystine.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

The success of PCCL in these 4 cases suggests that this approach is easily adapted to the ferret's smaller urinary tract anatomy. It provides excellent visualization of the urethra and bladder with minimal soft tissue trauma and rapid recovery. In some cases, it may be useful as an adjunct to cystotomy. Additional studies evaluating the efficacy and the safety of PCCL in a larger number of ferrets are warranted.