Pub Date : 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2024.10.002
Brandon J. Louth , Stephen A. Smith , McAllister Council-Troche
<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The Eastern collared lizard (<em>Crotaphytus collaris</em>) is a species of lizard native to the United States and Mexico and is growing in popularity in the exotic community around the world. There is minimal knowledge known on the analyte breakdown of this or closely related species. As this species becomes more popular in the exotic community more medical conditions are being identified that can be assisted in diagnosis with the establishment of ranges of the different essential analytes. Being an insectivorous lizard, this species may suffer from hypovitaminosis A. There has been a lack of antemortem diagnostics available for minimally invasive and appropriate diagnosis of this disease. Recent studies have been performed in other small insectivore species establishing plasma retinol reference intervals. Reference intervals for retinol have not been published or validated in collared lizards or any closely related species.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Plasma, with a sample volume of only 50 µl, from forty clinically healthy captive bred Eastern collared lizards, twenty males and twenty females were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) to determine plasma retinol concentrations.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Using UPLC-MS/MS analysis, data was normally distributed and a reference interval for plasma retinol in the Eastern collared lizard was 1.57-3.07 µg/mL (0.237-0.464 µmol/L). A mean of 0.31µg/mL; with a lower limit 95% confidence interval being 1.34-1.80 µg/mL and upper limit of 2.84-3.30 µg/mL. Vitamin A (retinol) levels were significantly different when comparing a captive bred line called Blazing Blue (n = 4), with all other sampled captive bred localities. Including a closely related Aquaflames (n = 16), (Sky Blue) (n = 2), Western yellowhead (n = 5), Fancy Spotted (n = 4), Aquamarine (n = 3), and Lightning Yellow (n = 6); with the Blazing Blue morph being significantly lower using a t-Test comparison assuming equal variations. There was only 1 statistical variation seen in age groups between the 1-year-old and 6-year-old age groups with the 6-year-old age group being significantly lower than the 1-year-old age group. There was no variation based on sex.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>This study provides the first established plasma retinol range in a species in the suborder iguania. Values are valuable in assistance in diagnosing and treating hypovitaminosis A and to provide advice on dietary supplementation and dietary improvement for the collared lizards and possibly other related species as well. In addition, these values can be used to design and evaluate other studies for nutritional needs of this species. Limitations of this study include only a single season of collection, no same time comparison to liver values, some age groups were limited to only 1 individual, and the evaluation of only
{"title":"Determination of a plasma retinol reference interval in eastern collared lizards (Crotaphytus collaris)","authors":"Brandon J. Louth , Stephen A. Smith , McAllister Council-Troche","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The Eastern collared lizard (<em>Crotaphytus collaris</em>) is a species of lizard native to the United States and Mexico and is growing in popularity in the exotic community around the world. There is minimal knowledge known on the analyte breakdown of this or closely related species. As this species becomes more popular in the exotic community more medical conditions are being identified that can be assisted in diagnosis with the establishment of ranges of the different essential analytes. Being an insectivorous lizard, this species may suffer from hypovitaminosis A. There has been a lack of antemortem diagnostics available for minimally invasive and appropriate diagnosis of this disease. Recent studies have been performed in other small insectivore species establishing plasma retinol reference intervals. Reference intervals for retinol have not been published or validated in collared lizards or any closely related species.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Plasma, with a sample volume of only 50 µl, from forty clinically healthy captive bred Eastern collared lizards, twenty males and twenty females were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) to determine plasma retinol concentrations.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Using UPLC-MS/MS analysis, data was normally distributed and a reference interval for plasma retinol in the Eastern collared lizard was 1.57-3.07 µg/mL (0.237-0.464 µmol/L). A mean of 0.31µg/mL; with a lower limit 95% confidence interval being 1.34-1.80 µg/mL and upper limit of 2.84-3.30 µg/mL. Vitamin A (retinol) levels were significantly different when comparing a captive bred line called Blazing Blue (n = 4), with all other sampled captive bred localities. Including a closely related Aquaflames (n = 16), (Sky Blue) (n = 2), Western yellowhead (n = 5), Fancy Spotted (n = 4), Aquamarine (n = 3), and Lightning Yellow (n = 6); with the Blazing Blue morph being significantly lower using a t-Test comparison assuming equal variations. There was only 1 statistical variation seen in age groups between the 1-year-old and 6-year-old age groups with the 6-year-old age group being significantly lower than the 1-year-old age group. There was no variation based on sex.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>This study provides the first established plasma retinol range in a species in the suborder iguania. Values are valuable in assistance in diagnosing and treating hypovitaminosis A and to provide advice on dietary supplementation and dietary improvement for the collared lizards and possibly other related species as well. In addition, these values can be used to design and evaluate other studies for nutritional needs of this species. Limitations of this study include only a single season of collection, no same time comparison to liver values, some age groups were limited to only 1 individual, and the evaluation of only","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142593578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2024.10.001
Gail L. Huckins, Christoph Mans, Grayson A. Doss
Background
Although inappetence is a common clinical sign in ill four-toed hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris), there is limited information on the use of appetite stimulants in this species. Capromorelin is a growth hormone secretagogue that acts as a selective ghrelin receptor agonist. It has been demonstrated to increase food intake in dogs and cats with normal appetite as well as in dogs with inappetence.
Methods
The effects of capromorelin on food intake and body weight were studied in a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, complete cross-over study in 10 healthy adult hedgehogs. Baseline food intake and body weight were recorded, and hedgehogs were administered either capromorelin (10 mg/kg) or an equivalent volume (0.33 mL/kg) of an oral compounding vehicle PO via syringe daily in the early evening for 5 days. Food intake and body weight were measured daily for 4 days following the last dose.
Results
Hedgehogs produced foamy saliva during oral administration regardless of treatment. Over the 5-day treatment period, hedgehogs administered capromorelin ate more food (median: 11%, range: −37% to 71%) than hedgehogs in the control group, and 7/10 (70%) hedgehogs administered capromorelin had an increase in food intake. However, this change in food intake was not statistically significantly different when compared to the control group. Body weight did not increase following capromorelin administration.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Unlike in other species, repeated daily oral administration of capromorelin doses at 10 mg/kg does not appear to induce the same degree of appetite stimulation in hedgehogs. Further research is needed to determine if capromorelin is effective in hedgehogs with inappetence.
{"title":"Effects of oral capromorelin on food intake and body weight in healthy, four-toed hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris)","authors":"Gail L. Huckins, Christoph Mans, Grayson A. Doss","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Although inappetence is a common clinical sign in ill four-toed hedgehogs (<em>Atelerix albiventris</em>), there is limited information on the use of appetite stimulants in this species. Capromorelin is a growth hormone secretagogue that acts as a selective ghrelin receptor agonist. It has been demonstrated to increase food intake in dogs and cats with normal appetite as well as in dogs with inappetence.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The effects of capromorelin on food intake and body weight were studied in a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, complete cross-over study in 10 healthy adult hedgehogs. Baseline food intake and body weight were recorded, and hedgehogs were administered either capromorelin (10 mg/kg) or an equivalent volume (0.33 mL/kg) of an oral compounding vehicle PO via syringe daily in the early evening for 5 days. Food intake and body weight were measured daily for 4 days following the last dose.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Hedgehogs produced foamy saliva during oral administration regardless of treatment. Over the 5-day treatment period, hedgehogs administered capromorelin ate more food (median: 11%, range: −37% to 71%) than hedgehogs in the control group, and 7/10 (70%) hedgehogs administered capromorelin had an increase in food intake. However, this change in food intake was not statistically significantly different when compared to the control group. Body weight did not increase following capromorelin administration.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance</h3><div>Unlike in other species, repeated daily oral administration of capromorelin doses at 10 mg/kg does not appear to induce the same degree of appetite stimulation in hedgehogs. Further research is needed to determine if capromorelin is effective in hedgehogs with inappetence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142578199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous and persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis (PHPV/PHTVL) is a congenital anomaly of normal development of the primary vitreous. Depending on the severity, this condition can lead to multiple different complications. Unilateral PHPV/PHTVL has been described in a young rabbit with visual impairment but without cataract. The objective of this study is to describe the clinical characteristics, ultrasonographic findings, surgical treatment, and outcome of a symmetric, bilateral, mature cataract associated with PHPV/PHTVL in a rabbit.
Case description
An intact 2-year-old male dwarf rabbit presented with intermittent tearing. Complete and mature cataracts were observed in both eyes. Despite complete blindness, the owner did not report any abnormal behavior. Ocular ultrasound showed a hyperechoic linear structure in the vitreous, suggestive of PHPV/PHTVL, with similar findings in both eyes. Microvascular Doppler (MicroV) was able to detect blood flow in the tunica vasculosa lentis within the retrolenticular area. The surgery was conducted without significant complications, and functional vision was maintained postoperatively during the 4-month follow-up period.
Conclusions and case relevance
This case represents the first report of symmetrical, bilateral cataracts caused by PHPV/PHTVL in rabbits. This report highlights the effectiveness of microV Doppler ultrasound as a diagnostic technique. Cataract surgery could be considered a feasible and routine procedure for rabbits.
{"title":"Bilateral cataract associated with persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous and persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis (PHPV/PHTVL) in a dwarf rabbit","authors":"Caterina Morera , Isabella Costantino , Domenico Caivano , Noemi Nisini , Claudia Massone , Rolando Arcelli","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous and persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis (PHPV/PHTVL) is a congenital anomaly of normal development of the primary vitreous. Depending on the severity, this condition can lead to multiple different complications. Unilateral PHPV/PHTVL has been described in a young rabbit with visual impairment but without cataract. The objective of this study is to describe the clinical characteristics, ultrasonographic findings, surgical treatment, and outcome of a symmetric, bilateral, mature cataract associated with PHPV/PHTVL in a rabbit.</div></div><div><h3>Case description</h3><div>An intact 2-year-old male dwarf rabbit presented with intermittent tearing. Complete and mature cataracts were observed in both eyes. Despite complete blindness, the owner did not report any abnormal behavior. Ocular ultrasound showed a hyperechoic linear structure in the vitreous, suggestive of PHPV/PHTVL, with similar findings in both eyes. Microvascular Doppler (MicroV) was able to detect blood flow in the tunica vasculosa lentis within the retrolenticular area. The surgery was conducted without significant complications, and functional vision was maintained postoperatively during the 4-month follow-up period.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and case relevance</h3><div>This case represents the first report of symmetrical, bilateral cataracts caused by PHPV/PHTVL in rabbits. This report highlights the effectiveness of microV Doppler ultrasound as a diagnostic technique. Cataract surgery could be considered a feasible and routine procedure for rabbits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142441882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.003
Albert Phouratsamay , Alix Barbarino , Gabrielle Marolles , Gabrielle Juster , Elise Martinot , Paul Raymond , Patricia Muffat-es-Jacques , Patrick Verwaerde , Charly Pignon , Thomas Coutant
Background
RHDV2 infection carries a variable risk of mortality in pet rabbits and there is no specific antiviral treatment.
Case description
An 8-month-old unvaccinated neutered male dwarf rabbit was presented for decreased appetite and reduced faecal output over 12 hours. The rabbit was lethargic and had an uncomfortable cranial abdominal palpation. Abdominal radiography revealed incipient signs of gastric stasis. Blood tests showed an increase in alkaline phosphatase and alanine transaminase activities and a total hyperbilirubinaemia, a thrombocytopenia, a regenerative anaemia and an increase in clotting times for both activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time. On abdominal ultrasound, peritoneal effusion was found in small quantity between liver lobes. RHDV2 infection was confirmed by PCR on a blood sample. Intensive care was initiated, and an 18 mL/kg plasma transfusion was performed. The blood donor rabbit was a healthy and vaccinated 1-year-old New Zealand White neutered male rabbit. Following plasma transfusion, clear clinical improvement was observed. The rabbit was discharged after 6 days with improved blood parameters. The rabbit recovered uneventfully after 1 week. Six months posthospitalization, the rabbit was vaccinated with a trivalent vaccine against myxomatosis, RHDV1 and RHDV2. After 15 months, the rabbit remained healthy.
Conclusions and case relevance
This case reports a detailed successful medical management of a RHDV2 infection in a pet rabbit using supportive treatments and a transfusion of convalescent plasma from a vaccinated rabbit. Convalescent plasma therapy is a relatively simple and affordable treatment that should be considered in case of RHDV2 infection.
{"title":"Successful medical management of a rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 infection in a pet rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)","authors":"Albert Phouratsamay , Alix Barbarino , Gabrielle Marolles , Gabrielle Juster , Elise Martinot , Paul Raymond , Patricia Muffat-es-Jacques , Patrick Verwaerde , Charly Pignon , Thomas Coutant","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>RHDV2 infection carries a variable risk of mortality in pet rabbits and there is no specific antiviral treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Case description</h3><div>An 8-month-old unvaccinated neutered male dwarf rabbit was presented for decreased appetite and reduced faecal output over 12 hours. The rabbit was lethargic and had an uncomfortable cranial abdominal palpation. Abdominal radiography revealed incipient signs of gastric stasis. Blood tests showed an increase in alkaline phosphatase and alanine transaminase activities and a total hyperbilirubinaemia, a thrombocytopenia, a regenerative anaemia and an increase in clotting times for both activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time. On abdominal ultrasound, peritoneal effusion was found in small quantity between liver lobes. RHDV2 infection was confirmed by PCR on a blood sample. Intensive care was initiated, and an 18 mL/kg plasma transfusion was performed. The blood donor rabbit was a healthy and vaccinated 1-year-old New Zealand White neutered male rabbit. Following plasma transfusion, clear clinical improvement was observed. The rabbit was discharged after 6 days with improved blood parameters. The rabbit recovered uneventfully after 1 week. Six months posthospitalization, the rabbit was vaccinated with a trivalent vaccine against myxomatosis, RHDV1 and RHDV2. After 15 months, the rabbit remained healthy.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and case relevance</h3><div>This case reports a detailed successful medical management of a RHDV2 infection in a pet rabbit using supportive treatments and a transfusion of convalescent plasma from a vaccinated rabbit. Convalescent plasma therapy is a relatively simple and affordable treatment that should be considered in case of RHDV2 infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142433426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Swim bladder disorders occur frequently in several fish species, with bacterial infections being a primary cause. However, infections caused by mycobacteria are not usually reported.
Case description
A blood parrot cichlid (Amphilophus citrinellus × Paraneetroplus synspilus) presented with a recurrent unresponsive swim bladder disorder. The fish had undergone several unsuccessful aspirations of the swim bladder and antimicrobial treatments. Ultrasonography and radiography indicated fluid accumulation in the swim bladder. A turbid-yellowish fluid containing numerous acid-fast–positive bacilli was obtained during swim bladder aspiration. The fish was subsequently euthanized, and the necropsy revealed a fluid-filled enlarged swim bladder with yellowish sediments. Histopathological examination using Ziehl–Neelsen staining identified multiple granulomas encapsulating acid-fast–positive bacilli in several internal organs. Mycobacterium fortuitum infection was confirmed through polymerase chain reaction assay and genetic analysis.
Conclusion and case relevance
This primary report documents the unusual pathology of M. fortuitum infection in this particular cichlid species, in which the bacteria colonized the swim bladder cavity, leading to a buoyancy disorder.
{"title":"Mycobacteriosis in the swim bladder caused by Mycobacterium fortuitum in a blood parrot cichlid (Amphilophus citrinellus × Paraneetroplus synspilus)","authors":"Sirawich Srisiri , Onanong Charoenwai , Teerapat Yongprapat , Patharapol Piamsomboon , Thanida Haetrakul","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.006","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Swim bladder disorders occur frequently in several fish species, with bacterial infections being a primary cause. However, infections caused by mycobacteria are not usually reported.</div></div><div><h3>Case description</h3><div>A blood parrot cichlid (<em>Amphilophus citrinellus</em> × <em>Paraneetroplus synspilus</em>) presented with a recurrent unresponsive swim bladder disorder. The fish had undergone several unsuccessful aspirations of the swim bladder and antimicrobial treatments. Ultrasonography and radiography indicated fluid accumulation in the swim bladder. A turbid-yellowish fluid containing numerous acid-fast–positive bacilli was obtained during swim bladder aspiration. The fish was subsequently euthanized, and the necropsy revealed a fluid-filled enlarged swim bladder with yellowish sediments. Histopathological examination using Ziehl–Neelsen staining identified multiple granulomas encapsulating acid-fast–positive bacilli in several internal organs. <em>Mycobacterium fortuitum</em> infection was confirmed through polymerase chain reaction assay and genetic analysis<em>.</em></div></div><div><h3>Conclusion and case relevance</h3><div>This primary report documents the unusual pathology of <em>M. fortuitum</em> infection in this particular cichlid species, in which the bacteria colonized the swim bladder cavity, leading to a buoyancy disorder.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142437998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.007
{"title":"Avian & Exotic News","authors":"","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.007","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142427758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.005
Joanna K. Webb DVM, MS, DACZM
{"title":"","authors":"Joanna K. Webb DVM, MS, DACZM","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.005","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142427756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.002
Gretel Tovar-Lopez , Krista A. Keller , A Russell Moore , Sangeeta Rao , Miranda J. Sadar
Background
Avian hematologic characteristics complicate evaluation; therefore, complete blood cell counts require manual analysis for best accuracy. Furthermore, the quality of samples may be affected by prolonged shipment.
Methods
Blood was collected from the right jugular vein of twenty-four, 7-year-old (14 male, 10 female), wild-type cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). Smears were prepared using fresh, untreated blood. The remainder was divided into dipotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and lithium heparin microtainers. A hematocrit tube and blood smear were prepared at baseline, 24, 48, and 72 hours after venipuncture. Packed cell volume (PCV), total solids (TS), estimated white blood cell (WBC) count, WBC differential (heterophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils), hemolysis index (HI), and preparation quality were assessed and compared to baseline. After log transformation, the effects of anticoagulants across time points were compared.
Results
Heparinized samples had significant differences in WBC, heterophil, and lymphocyte counts at 48 hours, and PCV and TS at 72 hours compared to baseline. There was a positive proportional bias in PCV and TS from EDTA anticoagulant samples at 24, 48, and 72 hours, and from heparinized samples at 48 and 72 hours compared to baseline. The EDTA samples had increased PCV and TS compared to heparin at all time points, and higher WBC and heterophil counts at 48 hours compared to baseline. A type II methodological error cannot be excluded.
Conclusions and clinical relevance
These results suggest that the anticoagulant used and time spent in anticoagulant alters hematologic values in cockatiels, which may have significant clinical implications. The importance of sample processing within 24 hours and anticoagulant-specific reference intervals for hematologic variables should be considered.
{"title":"The effects of time and anticoagulant type on hematologic values in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus)","authors":"Gretel Tovar-Lopez , Krista A. Keller , A Russell Moore , Sangeeta Rao , Miranda J. Sadar","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Avian hematologic characteristics complicate evaluation; therefore, complete blood cell counts require manual analysis for best accuracy. Furthermore, the quality of samples may be affected by prolonged shipment.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Blood was collected from the right jugular vein of twenty-four, 7-year-old (14 male, 10 female), wild-type cockatiels (<em>Nymphicus hollandicus</em>)<em>.</em> Smears were prepared using fresh, untreated blood. The remainder was divided into dipotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and lithium heparin microtainers. A hematocrit tube and blood smear were prepared at baseline, 24, 48, and 72 hours after venipuncture. Packed cell volume (PCV), total solids (TS), estimated white blood cell (WBC) count, WBC differential (heterophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils), hemolysis index (HI), and preparation quality were assessed and compared to baseline. After log transformation, the effects of anticoagulants across time points were compared.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Heparinized samples had significant differences in WBC, heterophil, and lymphocyte counts at 48 hours, and PCV and TS at 72 hours compared to baseline. There was a positive proportional bias in PCV and TS from EDTA anticoagulant samples at 24, 48, and 72 hours, and from heparinized samples at 48 and 72 hours compared to baseline. The EDTA samples had increased PCV and TS compared to heparin at all time points, and higher WBC and heterophil counts at 48 hours compared to baseline. A type II methodological error cannot be excluded.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>These results suggest that the anticoagulant used and time spent in anticoagulant alters hematologic values in cockatiels, which may have significant clinical implications. The importance of sample processing within 24 hours and anticoagulant-specific reference intervals for hematologic variables should be considered.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142437997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.004
{"title":"Abstracts from the literature","authors":"","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.004","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2024.09.004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142427757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2024.08.004
Leon Picazo , Ayla Del Romero , Jorge Rosell , Jordi Aguilo-Gisbert
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