The Social Cognitions of Victims of Bullying: A Systematic Review

IF 4.7 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Adolescent Research Review Pub Date : 2022-02-22 DOI:10.1007/s40894-022-00183-8
Sanne Kellij, Gerine M. A. Lodder, Neeltje van den Bedem, Berna Güroğlu, René Veenstra
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引用次数: 11

Abstract

The nature of the relation between victimization of bullying and social information processing is unclear. The prevention hypothesis predicts that victims focus more on negative social cues to prevent further escalation. In contrast, the reaffiliation hypothesis predicts that victims focus more on positive social cues to restore the social situation. Alternatively, the desensitization hypothesis predicts that victims become increasingly insensitive to social cues because of a numbing effect. This systematic review examines evidence for these three hypotheses on the relation between victimization and social information processing. The focus is on two phases of social information processing: encoding of social information (attending to and registration of social cues) and interpreting social information (making sense of multiple social cues simultaneously). These phases are important prerequisites for behavioral responses. The systematic search led to the inclusion of 142 articles, which were published between 1998 and 2021 and received quality assessment. The studies included on average about 1600 participants (range: 14–25,684), who were on average 11.4 years old (range: 4.1–17.0). The topics covered in the literature included attention to and accurate registration of social cues, peer perception, attribution of situations, empathy, and theory of mind. The results were most often in line with the prevention hypothesis and suggested that victimization is related to a negative social-cognitive style, as shown by a more negative perception of peers in general and more negative situational attribution. Victimization seemed unrelated to abilities to empathize or understand others, which contradicted the desensitization hypothesis. However, desensitization may only occur after prolonged and persistent victimization, which to date has been sparsely studied. The reaffiliation hypothesis could not be thoroughly examined, because most studies did not include positive social cues. In bullying prevention, it is important to consider the negative social information processing style related to victimization, because this style may impede the development of positive social interactions.

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霸凌受害者的社会认知:系统回顾
欺凌受害与社会信息处理之间的关系性质尚不清楚。预防假说预测,受害者更多地关注负面社会暗示,以防止进一步升级。相反,重申假设预测受害者更多地关注积极的社会线索,以恢复社会状况。或者,脱敏假说预测,由于麻木效应,受害者对社会线索越来越不敏感。这篇系统综述考察了这三个关于受害与社会信息处理之间关系的假设的证据。重点是社会信息处理的两个阶段:社会信息的编码(关注和登记社会线索)和解释社会信息(同时理解多个社会线索)。这些阶段是行为反应的重要先决条件。通过系统搜索,收录了142篇文章,这些文章发表在1998年至2021年间,并接受了质量评估。这些研究平均包括约1600名参与者(范围:14-25684),他们平均11.4岁(范围:4.1-17.0)。文献中涵盖的主题包括对社会线索的关注和准确记录、同伴感知、情境归因、同理心和心理理论。研究结果通常与预防假设一致,并表明受害与消极的社会认知风格有关,表现为对同龄人的普遍负面认知和更负面的情境归因。受害者似乎与移情或理解他人的能力无关,这与脱敏假说相矛盾。然而,脱敏可能只有在长期和持续的受害之后才会发生,迄今为止,这方面的研究很少。由于大多数研究都没有包括积极的社会暗示,因此无法彻底检验重申假设。在欺凌预防中,重要的是要考虑与受害有关的负面社会信息处理风格,因为这种风格可能会阻碍积极社会互动的发展。
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来源期刊
Adolescent Research Review
Adolescent Research Review PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL-
CiteScore
10.40
自引率
0.00%
发文量
17
期刊介绍: Adolescent Research Review publishes articles that review important contributions to the understanding of adolescence.  The Review draws from the many subdisciplines of developmental science, psychological science, education, criminology, public health, medicine, social work, and other allied disciplines that address the subject of youth and adolescence. The editors are especially interested in articles that bridge gaps between disciplines or that focus on topics that transcend traditional disciplinary boundaries.  Reviews must be cutting edge and comprehensive in the way they advance science, practice or policy relating to adolescents.
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