Links between industrial livestock production, disease including zoonoses and antimicrobial resistance

Peter Stevenson
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引用次数: 1

Abstract

A range of studies indicates that keeping farm animals in crowded, stressful conditions leads to an increased risk of the emergence, transmission, and amplification of pathogens including zoonoses. Some such zoonoses could lead to a pandemic. Biosecurity, though essential, is not on its own sufficient to prevent the entry of disease into large, intensive livestock housing. To minimize disease risks, both biosecurity measures and the keeping of animals in conditions that are supportive of good health and effective immunocompetence are necessary. A further threat to human health arises from the routine use of antimicrobials in intensive livestock production to prevent disease. This high use of antimicrobials contributes significantly to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in animals, which can then be transferred to people, thereby undermining the efficacy of the antimicrobials that are so important in human medicine. If we want to save our antimicrobials and minimize the risk of future zoonoses and pandemics, we need to move to “health-oriented systems” for the rearing of animals, systems in which good health is inherent in the farming methods rather than being dependent on the routine use of antimicrobials. Health-oriented systems should avoid high stocking densities and large group size, should minimize stress and mixing of animals, and ensure that animals can perform their natural behaviors as the inability to do so is highly stressful. They should avoid the use of animals selected for excessive production levels as these appear to involve an increased risk of immunological problems and pathologies.

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工业化畜牧生产、包括人畜共患疾病和抗微生物耐药性之间的联系
一系列研究表明,将农场动物饲养在拥挤、紧张的环境中会增加包括人畜共患病在内的病原体出现、传播和扩增的风险。一些这样的人畜共患疾病可能导致一场大流行病。生物安全虽然至关重要,但其本身并不足以防止疾病进入大型密集型牲畜饲养场。为了最大限度地降低疾病风险,生物安全措施和将动物饲养在有助于良好健康和有效免疫能力的条件下都是必要的。对人类健康的进一步威胁来自于在集约化畜牧生产中常规使用抗菌药物来预防疾病。抗微生物药物的大量使用大大导致了动物抗微生物耐药性的出现,这种耐药性可以转移到人身上,从而削弱了在人类医学中非常重要的抗微生物药物。如果我们想保存我们的抗菌药物,并将未来人畜共患疾病和流行病的风险降至最低,我们就需要转向“以健康为导向的动物饲养系统”,在这种系统中,良好的健康是农业方法固有的,而不是依赖于抗菌药物的常规使用。以健康为导向的系统应避免高饲养密度和大型群体,应最大限度地减少动物的压力和混合,并确保动物能够进行其自然行为,因为无法这样做是非常有压力的。他们应该避免使用因生产水平过高而选择的动物,因为这些动物似乎会增加免疫问题和病理的风险。
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