Animal Research and One Health最新文献

Animal Welfare as an Essential Element of One Health 动物福利是健康的基本要素

Animal Research and One Health

Pub Date : 2025-07-08 DOI: 10.1002/aro2.70021

Philip Lymbery

Animal welfare is a crucial component of the One Health principle, which the World Health Organization (WHO) describes as “an integrated, unifying approach that aims to sustainably balance and optimize the health of people, animals, and ecosystems. It recognizes that the health of humans, domestic and wild animals, plants, and the wider environment (including ecosystems) are closely linked and interdependent.” (WHO, 2025) [1].The relationship between humans and animals is multifaceted, encompassing emotional, economic, and social dimensions. Companion animals, such as dogs and cats, provide emotional support and improve mental health, reducing stress and loneliness. Working animals, such as horses and oxen, are indispensable in many agricultural communities, aiding in transportation and farming tasks. Ensuring their welfare directly impacts human livelihoods and economic stability. Perhaps the biggest area of human–animal interrelationship is in agriculture, where 92 billion land animals are produced worldwide every year for food.Ensuring the well-being of animals is essential for several reasons. Firstly, animals can act as reservoirs for pathogens that may transmit to humans, leading to zoonotic diseases. By prioritizing animal welfare, we can reduce the risk of disease transmission and safeguard public health. Healthy animals are more resilient to infections, which minimizes the spread of diseases within animal populations and reduces the need for antimicrobial interventions.This is particularly important in the context of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a growing global health threat. Nearly three-quarters of all the world's antibiotics are fed to farmed animals, largely to control diseases inherent in the cramped, squalid conditions of industrial animal agriculture. This is a major reason for the WHO to warn that action is needed if we are to avoid a post-antibiotic era, where diseases that are currently treatable could once again kill. Experts suggest that by the middle of the century, the demise of antibiotics could lead to about 10 million deaths a year [2, 3].More than 60% of new and emerging infectious diseases that threaten human health originate in animal populations. These threats are significantly increasing in frequency and severity over time, with tremendous long-term impacts [4].COVID-19 is the latest example of a major pandemic caused by a zoonotic pathogen. However, there are many other zoonoses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), zoonotic influenza (H5N1, H7N9, H1N1), Zika, and Ebola virus diseases, which have or could potentially cause epidemics in humans.The traditional single health system has not been effective at addressing these challenges. Outbreaks of infectious diseases in different species and regions not only pose a serious threat to human and animal health and survival bu

动物福利是“同一个健康”原则的重要组成部分，世界卫生组织（WHO）将其描述为“一种旨在可持续平衡和优化人、动物和生态系统健康的综合统一方法”。它承认人类健康、家畜和野生动物、植物以及更广泛的环境（包括生态系统）是密切联系和相互依存的。”（who, 2025） [1]；人与动物之间的关系是多方面的，包括情感、经济和社会层面。伴侣动物，如狗和猫，提供情感支持，改善心理健康，减少压力和孤独感。劳动动物，如马和牛，在许多农业社区是必不可少的，帮助运输和农业任务。确保他们的福利直接关系到人类生计和经济稳定。也许人类与动物关系最大的领域是农业，全世界每年生产920亿只陆地动物作为食物。出于几个原因，确保动物的健康是必不可少的。首先，动物可以作为可能传播给人类的病原体的宿主，导致人畜共患疾病。通过优先考虑动物福利，我们可以减少疾病传播的风险，保障公众健康。健康的动物更能抵御感染，从而最大限度地减少疾病在动物种群中的传播，并减少对抗菌素干预措施的需求。这在抗菌素耐药性（AMR）这一日益严重的全球健康威胁的背景下尤为重要。世界上近四分之三的抗生素用于饲养动物，主要是为了控制工业化畜牧业狭窄、肮脏的环境所固有的疾病。这是世卫组织发出警告的主要原因，如果我们要避免进入后抗生素时代，目前可治疗的疾病可能再次致命，就需要采取行动。专家认为，到本世纪中叶，抗生素的消失可能导致每年约1000万人死亡[2,3]。威胁人类健康的60%以上的新发和新发传染病起源于动物种群。随着时间的推移，这些威胁的频率和严重程度都在显著增加，并产生了巨大的长期影响。COVID-19是由人畜共患病原体引起的重大大流行的最新例子。然而，还有许多其他人畜共患疾病，包括严重急性呼吸系统综合症（SARS）、中东呼吸综合征（MERS-CoV）、人畜共患流感（H5N1、H7N9、H1N1）、寨卡病毒和埃博拉病毒疾病，它们已经或可能在人类中引起流行病。传统的单一卫生系统未能有效应对这些挑战。传染病在不同物种和地区的暴发，不仅对人类和动物的健康和生存造成严重威胁，而且造成巨大的经济损失。此外，食源性疾病的发病率持续增加，已成为另一个不容忽视的公共卫生危机。善待动物反映了我们的社会价值观和道德责任。作为有情众生，动物理应免于痛苦。这种道德立场不仅是一种道德义务，而且还培养了一种同理心和同情心的文化，这种文化可以延伸到人际交往和社会规范中。动物福利是指确保动物个体的健康。这涉及到动物的身心健康，以及允许正常行为的表达。因此，如果一个动物是健康、健康和快乐的，那么它的福利就可以被描述为“好”或“高”。真正的高动物福利不仅仅是没有痛苦：它应该让动物享受积极的经历，概括起来就是生活的乐趣。在农业中对动物的道德待遇可以提高消费者食品的质量、安全、健康和营养品质。真正高标准的动物福利也通过保护野生动物及其栖息地来支持生物多样性保护。健康的野生动物种群有助于平衡生态系统，提供授粉、水净化和气候调节等基本服务。通过对自然有利的、高动物福利的养殖方式来保护动物福利，可以确保这些生态系统的稳定性和复原力，这对我们地球的整体健康至关重要。因此，动物福利是“同一个健康”方法的组成部分，因为它促进了所有物种的健康和福祉，支持可持续的粮食生产，并有助于防止传染病的传播。“一体健康”理念深深植根于中国古代哲学。早在战国时期（公元前475-221年），道教就认为人与自然同宗同源，主张人与自然和平共处。倡导将人、动物、植物和环境作为一个整体进行可持续发展，形成了中国“一个健康”发展的文化渊源。显然，“一体健康”并不新鲜，但近年来变得越来越重要。这是因为许多因素改变了人、动物和环境之间的相互作用。我们生产和消费食物的方式代表了人类与动物之间最大的单一互动，这意味着食物系统对任何考虑“同一个健康”的方式都至关重要。全球农业粮食系统现在被认为在解决人类面临的生存威胁方面发挥着巨大作用，这些威胁包括气候变化、生物多样性丧失、污染和日益严重的健康挑战。在2021年联合国粮食系统首脑会议上，世界上许多政府承诺采取行动，改变我们生产和消费粮食的方式，这一点尤其明显。2023年在迪拜举行的《联合国气候变化框架公约》（UNFCCC）气候谈判进一步深化了这一点，将粮食体系转型牢牢地提上了议程。134位国家元首在第28届联合国气候变化大会上签署了《关于可持续农业、有抵御力的粮食系统和气候行动的阿联酋宣言》，各国政府承诺“重新审视或调整与农业和粮食系统有关的政策和公共支持，以促进增加收入、减少温室气体排放、增强抵御力、生产力、生计、营养、水效率以及人类、动物和生态系统健康的活动，同时减少粮食损失和浪费。以及生态系统的丧失和退化。”[6]。要成功转型为可持续、包容和有韧性的粮食系统，为所有人、动物和地球创造一个宜居和公平的未来，就必须摒弃不健康和对环境有害的农业做法，包括工业化畜牧业。应过渡到以生态农业和再生农业等对自然有益的做法为基础的可持续粮食系统，其主要目标是为人们提供健康、有营养的食物，同时保护土壤健康和改善动物福利。动物福利必须被视为适合未来的食品系统的关键要素，也是衡量我们在实现可持续发展目标方面取得多大成功的基本指标。最理想的转变是转向不再把动物关在笼子、板条箱和禁闭里的耕作方式；相反，将动物恢复到农村，作为混合、轮作、生态农业和再生农业的一部分。这为通过与自然和谐相处的农业实现多种健康、环境和动物福利提供了空间。拥抱农业系统，不是建立在残酷、榨取和衰退的基础上，而是建立在把钱放回大自然的银行账户上。尊重动物的福利和他们的需要、需要和感受。在过去的35年里，我一直把尽可能多地观察不同类型的动物养殖作为职业优先事项，包括那些对动物健康和福利有害的工业化农场。工业化的动物农业，或“工厂化”的农业，包括成百上千，有时甚至数以万计的有知觉的动物挤在一起，在贫瘠和黑暗的谷仓里，许多人在贫瘠的笼子里受苦。例如，蛋鸡被关在太小而不能扇动翅膀的笼子里。怀孕的猪通常被关在板条箱里，在那里它们几周或几个月都不能一次转身。牛被大量饲养在无草的饲养场，在那里它们被喂谷物而不是天然的草。满是虱子和疮的洄游鲑鱼，和其他5万只鲑鱼一起被关在一个海笼里，像疯狂的动物园动物一样不停地转圈游来游去。无论是什么物种，这些圈养的动物都会表现出重复的行为，出于无聊和沮丧而一遍又一遍地无意义地做事情。没有什么比我们利用基因选择来微调动物以获得更快的生长速度和更高的产量更能清楚地看到我们把养殖动物当作机器的倾向了。这导致了痛苦的福利问题，包括奶牛跛行和乳腺炎，死亡率增加，腿部疾病和心力衰竭，肉鸡饲养者长期饥饿，蛋鸡骨折。从所有的意图和目的来看，工厂化养殖的动物都不是活的；他们从出生的那一刻起就“存在”了。然而，它并不一定是这样的。动物福利科学越来越认识到，对农场动物的良好福利意味着它们有机会享受生活。“美好的生活”意味着他们所有的行为、身体、环境和精神需求都必须得到满足。由David Mellor教授和Cam Reid博士提出的动物福利五领域模型，为评估动物福利提供了一个全面的框架。它关注四个物理领域：营养、环境、健康和行为，以及一个精神领域：动物的精神状态。这个模型强调积极和消极的经历都会影响动物的整体福利。它强调了为动物提供积极体验机会的重

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Digital Sentience? Evaluating the Integration of AI-Driven Tools in Animal Welfare Assessment 数字感觉?评估人工智能驱动工具在动物福利评估中的整合

Animal Research and One Health

Pub Date : 2025-05-13 DOI: 10.1002/aro2.70018

Sara Platto

Despite significant advancements in the field of animal welfare, its assessment still remains a methodological challenge, as an animal's affective state cannot always be directly measured, but must instead be inferred from behavioral, physiological, environmental, and nutritional indicators [1, 2]. This constraint has led to the exploration of artificial intelligence (AI)—driven tools—including machine learning (ML), computer vision, and sensor-based systems—as possible resources to facilitate dynamic, real-time welfare assessments, and predictive analytic [3, 4]. For example, AI-driven wearable sensors facilitate early detection of stress and disease by continuously monitoring vital signs, and behavioral patterns in cattle, pigs, and poultry [5], whereas machine learning can optimize feeding regimes, and identifies health conditions such as lameness [6]. In wildlife conservation, AI-enhanced technologies—including unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), thermal imaging, and acoustic monitoring—enable detailed tracking of animal movements, habitat use, and identification of anthropogenic threats such as poaching [7, 8]. AI applications are also emerging within zoological institutions, where neural networks and wearable sensors are employed to gather behavioral, and physiological data of captive animals, supporting their comprehensive welfare assessments [9, 10]. In the field of companion animals' care, AI innovations have advanced diagnostics, cancer screening, and real-time health monitoring through IoT (Internet of Thing)—enabled collars [11, 12]. AI is also making a significant impact in laboratory environments, where it supports the 3 Rs by reducing animals use through predictive toxicology frameworks such as the ONTOX project [13]. Additionally, automated husbandry systems employing AI are considered to be implemented to minimize human–animal interactions, thus reducing stress associated with handling [14].Although artificial intelligence (AI) presents promising opportunities to identify how animals perceive and experience their own well-being—its integration into the animal welfare science remains limited [15]. This constraint is largely attributed to persistent practical, conceptual, and technical challenges that limit the widespread application, and translation of AI-based models in real-world animal welfare contexts [16].A central technical constraint in AI implementation for animal welfare is the requirement for large, labeled datasets to train the algorithms [17]. Most deep learning models demand substantial volumes of high-quality, labeled data to achieve high accuracy in the performance, particularly for behavioral assessments [18]. Studies estimate that up to 1000 samples per behavioral class may be necessary for an accurate baseline classification, with so

尽管动物福利领域取得了重大进展，但其评估仍然是一个方法论上的挑战，因为动物的情感状态不能总是直接测量，而必须从行为、生理、环境和营养指标中推断[1,2]。这一限制促使人们探索人工智能（AI）驱动的工具——包括机器学习（ML）、计算机视觉和基于传感器的系统——作为促进动态、实时福利评估和预测分析的可能资源[3,4]。例如，人工智能驱动的可穿戴传感器通过持续监测牛、猪和家禽的生命体征和行为模式，有助于早期发现压力和疾病，而机器学习可以优化喂养方案，并识别跛行等健康状况。在野生动物保护中，人工智能增强的技术——包括无人机（uav）、热成像和声学监测——可以详细跟踪动物的运动、栖息地的使用，并识别偷猎等人为威胁[7,8]。人工智能应用也出现在动物机构中，神经网络和可穿戴传感器被用来收集圈养动物的行为和生理数据，支持它们的综合福利评估[9,10]。在伴侣动物护理领域，人工智能创新通过物联网项圈实现了先进的诊断、癌症筛查和实时健康监测[11,12]。人工智能也对实验室环境产生了重大影响，它通过预测毒理学框架（如ONTOX项目[13]）减少动物使用，从而支持3r。此外，采用人工智能的自动化饲养系统被认为是为了最大限度地减少人与动物的互动，从而减少与处理[14]相关的压力。尽管人工智能（AI）为确定动物如何感知和体验自己的幸福提供了有希望的机会，但它与动物福利科学的结合仍然有限。这种限制很大程度上归因于持续的实践、概念和技术挑战，这些挑战限制了基于人工智能的模型在现实世界动物福利背景下的广泛应用和翻译[10]。动物福利人工智能实施的一个核心技术限制是需要大型标记数据集来训练算法[17]。大多数深度学习模型需要大量高质量的标记数据来实现高准确性，特别是在行为评估方面。研究估计，每个行为类可能需要多达1000个样本来进行准确的基线分类，根据网络复杂性和任务特异性，一些模型需要更多的数据。这些人工智能工具对大量数据的依赖给研究人员带来了一项资源密集型任务，即收集数据并将其标记为[19]。大量数据的要求也得到了研究的支持，研究表明，当样本量增加时，效应量和分类精度也会增加，从而提供了行为类别之间具有高区分力的数据集[17]。因此，这导致了一个难题，即追求更大的样本量以获得更好的准确性，必须与数据收集的实用性和成本相平衡[20,21]。为了应对这一挑战，研究人员已经开始探索半监督学习方法，将大量未标记的数据与较小的标记数据集相结合，以提高模型的性能。尽管这种方法显示出前景，但其有效性经常受到分布不匹配等问题的限制，其中标记和未标记数据的特征差异很大。此外，适当标记的数据集非常有价值，因为它们可以在实践中增强人工智能应用的验证过程。这可能会导致与标签数据共享相关的问题，特别是如果成品要在市场上销售的话。事实上，跨分散系统（如农场、实验室或大学）整合数据的大量后勤和道德障碍仍然是一个巨大的问题，特别是当涉及所有权、标准化、隐私和安全时。这种情况也会阻碍适当的跨学科合作的发展，这是在动物福利领域更广泛采用人工智能的重要一步。此外，来自不同领域的专家之间共同开发人工智能工具的成就经常受到对“动物福利”核心概念的不同理解的挑战，其中每个学科可能会带来自己对该主题的解释：人工智能工程师可能强调可测量的输出，而兽医则优先考虑健康，自然行为和情感状态[26,27]。为了克服这些障碍，Fogel和Kvedar建议使用一个三层验证框架，通常用于医学研究合作，包括(1)验证，(2)分析验证和(3)特定应用验证，以提高可靠性并促进跨学科的相互理解。另一个问题是AI工具[29]缺乏上下文泛化。例如，大多数机器视觉研究论文使用来自一组动物的数据来训练深度学习神经网络来识别它们的行为，但它在不同地点、不同光照条件下与其他动物组一起工作的能力从未经过测试，下一篇论文很少建立在上一篇论文的基础上[29,30]。这个问题在动物行为领域尤为明显，由于物种、环境和行为定义的差异，两项研究并不相同，这使得模型难以可靠地跨数据集进行推广[24,31]。为了解决缺乏上下文泛化的问题，需要基于现场的测试，以及开发特定于物种和上下文的基准，最好是与最终用户（动物）共同设计，以确保可用性[32]。正如最近的一篇综述所报告的那样，缺乏上下文泛化可能导致人工智能工具在福利背景下缺乏系统验证，其中只有5%的猪的精准畜牧技术在市场发布之前在实际农场条件下得到了验证。这种验证差距可能会削弱用户的信心，并减缓人工智能工具在动物福利领域的采用。此外，用于训练算法的数据集的数量也受到基础设施限制[29]。具体来说，处理大型数据集需要大量的计算能力和可靠的存储能力-资源，这经常超过标准研究设施设备[29]的能力。此外，许多人工智能工具需要编码知识或熟悉命令行环境，这限制了具有技术专业知识的人员的可访问性。这排除了很大一部分动物福利从业人员，如兽医、农民和动物园管理员。虽然DeepLabCut、AniPose和DeepEthogram等平台已经开始通过提供更直观的界面来评估动物的运动和行为分类来解决这个问题，但这些工具仍然需要改进以获得更广泛的可用性。此外，与可穿戴技术的使用有关的动物安全问题也被提出，可穿戴技术经常用于动物福利监测[34]。准确地说，设计不良的传感器可能会限制动物的运动，或扰乱社会互动，导致行为改变和可能的伤害[35-37]。同样，许多为奶牛开发的工具在没有充分验证的情况下被重新用于其他牲畜物种，导致福利问题和性能下降。此外，可穿戴传感器标签在实时数据传输方面经常面临限制，特别是在连接可能不可靠的农村或开放空间环境中。这些中断可能导致严重的数据缺口，破坏持续监测工作[37]。此外，电池寿命、传感器尺寸和设备重量之间的权衡带来了额外的设计挑战，经常会影响设备的耐用性或数据收集的频率和分辨率。最后，伦理问题也不容忽视。通过人工智能实现动物福利评估的自动化，引发了人们对其对人类与动物关系影响的合理担忧，而人类与动物关系是动物福利的基石。过度依赖技术可能导致劳动力去技能化，减少对动物需求的关注，并有增加其物化的风险[35,36]。因此，在涉及众生的环境中使用人工智能必须具有透明度、问责制和负责任的创新框架，并考虑更广泛的社会价值bb0。这些关注与“同一福利”原则密切相关，该原则强调决策过程中动物、人类和环境福祉的相互依存关系。总之，与人工智能驱动的工具在动物福利领域相关的挑战和限制不应仅仅被视为技术的缺点，而应被视为改进和创新的机会。这些问题——无论是技术上的、伦理上的还是操作上的——都强调了跨学科合作、透明的数据共享和特定物种的技术验证的必要性[24,25,32]。克服这些挑战对于确保人工智能技术不仅在科学上稳健，而且在道德上与“一个福利”范式的更广泛目标保持一致至关重要。萨拉·柏拉图：概念化，写作-原稿，写作-审查和编辑。作者声明无利益冲突。

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引用次数: 0

One Health and Zoonotic Diseases: A Collaborative Approach to Global Health 一个健康和人畜共患疾病：全球健康的合作方法

Animal Research and One Health

Pub Date : 2025-05-08 DOI: 10.1002/aro2.70011

Peng Li, Jiabo Ding

“One Health” concept is a worldwide strategy characterized by promoting the integration of human, animal, and environmental health through cross-disciplinary, cross-sectoral, cross-regional communication, and collaboration, aiming to improve health and well-being through the prevention of risks and the mitigation of effects of crises [1]. There was a worldwide consensus on implementing the “One Health” strategy, emphasizing its ability to sustainably improve the health of humans, animals, and ecosystems. “One Health” strategy is critical for tackling modern challenges such as emerging zoonotic diseases, food safety, climate change, and antimicrobial resistance. What's more, animal welfare is an essential part of the “One Health” framework, with animal and human health and the environment being interconnected [2].

Annually, the health of untold millions of lives around the world are threatened by existing or novel emerging zoonotic diseases. Emerging or re-emerging of the zoonotic infectious diseases is suggested to be promoted by increasing human–animal contacts, international trade of animals, and the expansion of global travel [3]. The transmission and epidemic of zoonotic diseases is a dynamic process, which is jointly affected by all relevant links among humans, animals, and environment, forming a complex network. Given the more and more serious and complex epidemic of zoonotic diseases that have become a globally substantial risk to the health of animals and humans, it is clear that the “One Health” concept must be addressed for combating emerging zoonotic diseases at the human–animal–environment interface. When the practice of “One Health” concept is properly implemented, it will be an effective strategy to tackle zoonotic diseases. The European Union and the United States have provided funding to support interdisciplinary research within the “One Health” strategy, such as research on interventions for emerging zoonotic diseases and early warning systems of threats to humans from animals [4]. It is reported that investing in the “One Health” concept to mitigate pandemics by reducing the impact of their underlying drivers are likely to be more effective than business as usual, saving over $300 billion worldwide over the next century [5]. A five-step framework, “Generalizable One Health Framework (GOHF)”, was developed by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), which provides structure for using the “One Health” approach in zoonotic disease programs being implemented in technical domains including laboratory, surveillance, joint outbreak response, prevention and control, preparedness, communication, and government and policy at the local, sub-national, national, regional, or international level [6]. In China, the “One Health” concept is gaining recognition as an effective way

“同一个健康”概念是一项全球战略，其特点是通过跨学科、跨部门、跨区域的沟通与协作，促进人类、动物和环境健康的一体化，旨在通过预防风险和减轻危机影响来改善健康和福祉[b]。全球对实施“同一个健康”战略达成共识，强调其可持续改善人类、动物和生态系统健康的能力。“同一个健康”战略对于应对新出现的人畜共患疾病、食品安全、气候变化和抗微生物药物耐药性等现代挑战至关重要。此外，动物福利是“一个健康”框架的重要组成部分，动物和人类的健康以及环境是相互关联的。每年，世界各地数以百万计的生命的健康受到现有或新出现的人畜共患疾病的威胁。人与动物接触的增加、国际动物贸易的增加以及全球旅游的扩大都可能促进人畜共患传染病的出现或再出现。人畜共患疾病的传播和流行是一个动态过程，受人、动物、环境等各相关环节的共同影响，形成一个复杂的网络。鉴于人畜共患疾病的流行越来越严重和复杂，已成为全球动物和人类健康的重大风险，显然，必须在人-动物-环境界面上处理“同一个健康”概念，以防治新出现的人畜共患疾病。当“一个健康”的理念得到正确实施时，它将是应对人畜共患疾病的有效策略。欧盟和美国提供了资金，支持“同一个健康”战略下的跨学科研究，例如研究对新出现的人畜共患疾病的干预措施和动物对人类威胁的早期预警系统。据报告，投资于“同一个健康”概念，通过减少其潜在驱动因素的影响来减轻大流行病，可能比一切照旧更有效，在下个世纪在全世界节省3 000多亿美元。美国疾病控制和预防中心（CDC）和联合国粮食及农业组织（FAO）制定了一个五步框架，即“可推广的同一个健康框架”，该框架为在实验室、监测、联合疫情应对、预防和控制、准备、沟通以及地方政府和政策等技术领域实施的人畜共患疾病规划中使用“同一个健康”方法提供了结构。次国家级、国家级、地区级或国际级[6]。在中国，“同一个健康”作为对抗人畜共患疾病的有效途径，在人-动物-环境界面得到认可，布鲁氏菌病、新冠肺炎、日本血吸虫病、鼠疫的综合防控是“同一个健康”理念的具体实践。即使“同一个健康”概念的实践已成功地应用于防治人畜共患疾病，人类和动物卫生部门之间零散的沟通仍然是一个障碍，动物杂志上关于“同一个健康”概念的特刊仍然很少。《动物研究与同一个健康》的研究课题旨在收集世界范围内关于“同一个健康”理念和动物种群中人畜共患疾病的发现，内容涉及环境卫生、动物健康、动物福利和人畜共患疾病的预防与控制。不适当的动物和人类排泄物管理既会造成环境（例如水和土壤）的污染，也会导致抗菌素耐药性的蔓延，因此需要进行联合管理。水果和蔬菜的果皮往往被视为废物，导致环境污染。在我们的研究课题中，Haider等人总结了果蔬皮作为动物饲料的环境和营养价值，表明果蔬皮可以增强动物的健康，并且利用果蔬皮作为动物饲料可以显著减少有机废物的积累和废物分解相关的温室气体排放。毫无疑问，自20世纪50年代以来，随着大气温度的升高，地球正在变暖。肉鸡长期暴露在环境温度（高于30°C）下会诱发威胁动物健康的应激行为反应。在我们的研究课题中，Cyrille d 'Alex等人评估了陶土饮水器和/或补充ASPRO-C Plus对炎热气候下饲养的肉鸡的动物技术性能和生理反应的影响。dsRNA在环境中的快速降解引起了人们对其残留效应和环境污染的关注。在我们的研究课题中，Huang等人总结了基于rna的生物农药从理论发现到技术成熟的发展轨迹，表明基于rna的生物农药具有特异性靶向病原体而不损害水产养殖生物或环境的潜力。几十年来，动物福利一直是许多社会关注的问题，也是人类和环境健康的一个组成部分，影响着食物链的安全性和食源性疾病的发病率[10]。在我们的研究主题中，Dixon写了一篇简短的评论，强调了动物福利科学在动物研究和“同一个健康”中的重要性。科恩-奥弗顿还写了一篇简短的评论，重点关注动物福利研究在政策中的引用情况，使用奥弗顿数据库来提供对研究引用模式的见解。众所周知，人畜共患疾病是通过直接接触、吸入、摄入或接种传染性物质，从自由生活的动物自然传播给人类的传染病，占影响人类的传染性生物的61%[9,10]。在21世纪，来自动物的新型人畜共患疾病，如SARS、寨卡病毒、黄热病病毒、登革热病毒和禽流感，数量不断增加。在我们的研究课题中，Liang等人阐明了非人类灵长类动物中病毒的多样性和丰度，并评估了哪些病毒对人类的人畜共患传播具有最大的潜在风险。由革兰氏阴性布鲁氏菌引起的布鲁氏菌病是一种常见的人畜共患病，严重危害动物和人类的健康和安全。迄今为止，开展动物疫苗接种运动是预防布鲁氏菌病在高流行地区传播的最有效控制战略。在我们的研究课题中，Li等人通过诱导布鲁氏菌抗血清获得了一个粗略的突变菌株RA343，这表明RA343菌株是一种很有希望的新型候选疫苗，可以保护动物免受B. abortus和B. melitensis感染。自2020年冠状病毒病（COVID-19）爆发以来，mRNA疫苗一直在使用。在我们的研究主题中，Alam等人写了一篇简短的评论，讨论了mRNA疫苗作为一种有前途的Mpox保健策略的开发进展。沙门氏菌是一种宿主受限的病原体，可在人类和动物体内引起多种疾病。在我们的研究课题中，Wu等人调查了全球白痢沙门氏菌的基因组特征，并进一步研究了其在中国的进化和耐药基因。家禽球虫病是家禽业中一种全球流行的疾病，主要是由各种艾美耳球虫寄生在肠上皮细胞上引起的。在我们的研究课题中，Chen等人概述了天然产物在球虫病治疗中的治疗潜力以及有效控制球虫病的作用方式。综合考虑环境卫生、动物卫生、动物福利、人畜共患疾病防控等问题，对践行“同一个健康”理念，实现全球健康具有重要意义。李鹏：构思、形式分析、监督、资金获取、撰写-原稿、撰写-审稿、编辑。丁家波：构思、形式分析、资金获取、撰写-原稿、撰写-审稿、编辑。作者声明，这项研究是在没有任何商业或财务关系的情况下进行的，这可能被解释为潜在的利益冲突。

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引用次数: 0

The Citedness of Animal Welfare Research in Policy Using the Overton Database 基于Overton数据库的动物福利研究的政策引用

Animal Research and One Health

Pub Date : 2025-05-03 DOI: 10.1002/aro2.70010

Nathalie Cornée

The field of animal welfare research has grown rapidly over the last 20 years [1]. Although it has been possible to analyze the citation performance of these research works within academia either to understand their scientific significance or for evaluation purposes (and measure the “academic impact”), conducting similar analyses beyond academia has proven to be much more difficult until recently. Nevertheless, demonstrating the “societal impact” of research—its relevance and use beyond academia, particularly in policy—has become increasingly important for researchers. Altmetrics tools have emerged to track how research is cited in non-academic spheres such as news outlets, social media, and policy documents.This commentary highlights the citedness of peer reviewed animal welfare research in policy. Although this analysis provides insights into citation patterns of the research, further research is needed to contextualize why those outputs got cited by policymakers.Overton is a trusted and comprehensive full text policy document database. These documents produced by government bodies, intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), health agencies, and think tanks are linked to the academic research they cite. Overton also tracks policy to policy citations enabling deeper analysis of how ideas propagate within the policymaking process.A policy document in Overton is defined “as a publication written by or primarily for policymakers.” This definition intends to be broad in order to capture any publications aimed at policymakers.The database covers documents from over 190 countries and more than 100 IGOs, but there are some geographical disparities due to the availability of the policy documents. Overton only captures policy documents which are available online and this means that the numbers and locations of policy documents in Overton show a bias toward knowledge economies and other countries with a stronger productivity and online presence. Additionally, its coverage of policy documents is strongest from 2015 onward, with 79% of its documents published after 2012.The commentary analyzed animal welfare research published between 2003 and 2022, using OpenAlex to identify 9315 primary articles. Of these, 4060 had Digital Object Identifier (DOI) bearing in mind that some of the author affiliation data were missing for 19% of DOIs.Five hundred and fifty-eight of those DOIs (14%) were cited by at least one policy document according to Overton. Interestingly, the 2021 Pinheiro study suggested that less than 6% of academic outputs get referenced in policy documents (this percentage tends to fluctuate depending on the research area and also the age of the cited research which has more time to accrue citations) [2]. This would indicate that animal welfare is relatively well-represented in policy discussions.Overall, the citation distribution is skewed with nearly half (48%) of the cited

这一点应该谨慎看待，因为奥弗顿仍在收集近年来的政策产出，而且用于评估目的的数据还不成熟。奥弗顿为政策文件分配专题，反映其中心主题。在此分析中，提取了1109个主题。通过过滤那些被分配超过100次的主题（表1），我们可以确定某些主题“比预期出现得更频繁”。Overton通过应用一种检测与基本集相比显著增加的算法来检测那些异常频繁出现的主题。奥弗顿提供了一个有价值的工具来理解动物福利的政策格局，跟踪研究在哪里以及如何被用于政策。它作为一个数据源，将研究成果与政策文件中的引用和提及联系起来，使这些互动更加透明。不过，这篇评论强调，该分析仅限于目前由奥弗顿索引的研究，并没有涵盖长期以来在政策中引用的所有动物福利出版物。此外，政策制定者在引用或提及学术研究时并不总是一致的，这可能导致政策决策中使用的证据基础存在差距。虽然这篇简短的评论揭示了政策中动物福利的引用模式，但需要进行更深入的研究，以将政策引用置于背景下并评估其真正价值。对于愿意与政府专家、智库和政府间组织接触的动物福利领域的研究人员，奥弗顿可以帮助他们提高研究在政策方面的影响力，并了解它如何有助于政策讨论和塑造未来的政策方向。Nathalie Cornee：概念化，调查，写作-原稿，方法论，可视化，形式分析，项目管理，资源，数据管理，写作-审查和编辑，验证。作者声明无利益冲突。

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引用次数: 0

The Importance of Animal Welfare Science in Animal Research and One Health 动物福利科学在动物研究和一个健康中的重要性

Animal Research and One Health

Pub Date : 2025-04-29 DOI: 10.1002/aro2.70012

Laura M. Dixon

Animal welfare has been a concern in many societies for decades now. For example, Ruth Harrison published her impactful book, Animal Machines, in 1964, which described the housing and management conditions of farm animals at the time and highlighted the welfare issues observed [1]. There are different definitions of animal welfare in published literature, but in general they relate to the experience of the animal from external (e.g., housing) and internal (e.g., hormone) factors, which are integrated to form the animal's current state or welfare status [2]. Focus has often been on minimizing negative experiences, such as the Five Freedoms framework, which states that animals should have freedom from thirst, hunger, and malnutrition; freedom from discomfort; freedom from pain, injury, and disease; freedom from fear and distress; and freedom to express normal behavior [3]. However, more recently this has been expanded to also include promotion of positive animal welfare, where animals do not just have reduced suffering but also have opportunities to have positive or rewarding experiences [4]. The resultant effects of housing and management on mental state are now often incorporated in animal welfare frameworks [5]. Additionally, animal welfare can be considered on a continuum throughout the animal's life, with the goal that animals should at least experience ‘a life worth living’ overall, and we should strive to provide them ‘a good life’ [6].Subjective states and mental experiences of animals are key to animal welfare. However, it is not possible to measure the subjective experiences of others directly [7]. This is where animal welfare science is essential. Animal welfare science uses indicators from multiple scientific disciplines, including animal behavior, stress and neurophysiology, animal science, immunology, psychology, and veterinary science [2]. For example, behavioral motivation testing, where an animal works/overcomes a cost for access to an important resource, and home pen behavior were collected alongside samples of blood, brain, and gut tissues to assess the effects of feed restriction in broiler breeder females [8]. These results showed physiological indicators of hunger, such as increased agouti-related protein (AGRP) [9], and behavioral indicators of hunger, such as paying an increased cost (working harder) to access an area to search for food and increased home pen activity in the feed-restricted birds [10]. This leads to the conclusion that feed-restricted broiler breeders are hungry, and this negatively impacts their welfare.These multidisciplinary approaches to assessing animal welfare can be potentially time-consuming and costly. However, after our fundamental understanding is established, measures can be focused on the more important indicators, and ongoing rese

几十年来，动物福利一直是许多社会关注的问题。例如，露丝·哈里森（Ruth Harrison）在1964年出版了一本影响深远的书《动物机器》（Animal Machines），书中描述了当时农场动物的居住和管理状况，并强调了观察到的福利问题。在已发表的文献中，对动物福利有不同的定义，但总的来说，它们涉及动物从外部（如住房）和内部（如激素）因素中获得的体验，这些因素综合起来形成动物的当前状态或福利状态bbb。人们的关注点往往是尽量减少负面体验，比如“五大自由”框架，该框架指出，动物应该免于口渴、饥饿和营养不良；免于不适；免于痛苦、伤害和疾病；自由：免于恐惧和苦恼；还有表达正常行为的自由。然而，最近这已经扩展到包括促进积极的动物福利，动物不仅减少了痛苦，而且有机会获得积极或有益的体验。由此产生的住房和管理对精神状态的影响现在经常被纳入动物福利框架b[5]。此外，动物福利可以在动物的整个生命中被视为一个连续体，其目标是动物至少应该总体上体验“有价值的生活”，我们应该努力为它们提供“美好的生活”。动物的主观状态和心理体验是动物福利的关键。然而，要直接衡量他人的主观体验是不可能的。这就是动物福利科学至关重要的地方。动物福利科学使用多个学科的指标，包括动物行为学、应激与神经生理学、动物科学、免疫学、心理学和兽医学。例如，行为动机测试（动物为获得重要资源而努力/克服成本）和家庭围栏行为与血液、大脑和肠道组织样本一起收集，以评估限饲对肉鸡种鸡雌性bbb的影响。这些结果显示了饥饿的生理指标，如AGRP蛋白（AGRP）[9]的增加，以及饥饿的行为指标，如付出更高的成本（更努力地工作）进入一个区域寻找食物和增加圈舍活动。由此得出的结论是，限饲肉鸡饲养者很饿，这对他们的福利产生了负面影响。这些评估动物福利的多学科方法可能既耗时又昂贵。然而，在我们的基本理解建立之后，措施可以集中在更重要的指标上，并且正在进行的研究正在验证针对特定物种的更实用的福利评估协议，以最大限度地减少时间和成本，同时仍然提供有关动物福利状况的有价值信息。因此，在我们的研究对象中，使用动物福利科学来评估（至少是某些方面）动物福利是可行的。然而，为什么在动物研究和同一个健康中考虑动物福利很重要？动物的饲养和管理方式对它们的福利产生负面影响，可能会表现出不正常或刻板的行为，增加压力，降低学习能力，并产生更多的负面影响。因此，在研究中使用“异常”的动物会影响研究结果，导致可重复性差，并可能根据不可靠结果bbb的建议对其他动物或人类受试者产生负面影响。此外，对于更多的应用研究，贫穷的福利也会影响生产措施，从而影响商业环境中的盈利能力。例如，为奶牛使用隔间房屋可能导致严重的足部问题，这对奶牛[14]来说是一个福利问题，但它也影响了系统[15]的盈利能力。奶牛足部健康可通过多种管理策略得到改善，如增加垫料、降低放养密度和增加足部修剪[16]。这不仅提高了奶牛的福利，也减少了生产者的经济损失。同样，饲养密度高、垫料质量差的肉鸡，其足部和飞节也可能出现病变。这对鸡来说是痛苦的，但这也减少了鸡的尸体和鸡爪的利润。动物福利是“同一个健康”框架的重要组成部分，动物和人类健康以及环境相互关联。这与养殖动物尤其相关，因为食物链的安全性和食源性疾病的发病率受到动物福利的影响。此外，影响动物福利的其他因素，如高放养密度，可增加可能传播给人类的新发传染病的风险。人口的增加和土地的开发不仅破坏了现有的生态系统，而且使野生动物或野生动物与人类更密切地接触，造成压力，破坏动物的生存，使野生/野生动物和家畜（以及人类）面临更大的疾病风险。控制流离失所动物的方法往往会使人类与动物更密切地接触（例如，诱捕和运输），同时使动物暴露在新的和有压力的条件下，对福利产生负面影响。此外，陆地畜牧业对全球温室气体排放（GHG）的贡献很大，估计为12%-20%。有许多提议的策略来减轻或尽量减少这些排放，但没有一个是直接的，它们可能与其他“同一个健康”问题相冲突。例如，“可持续集约化”建议将养殖动物的效率和产量最大化作为减少排放的一种手段。然而，这将导致动物在封闭空间中更加拥挤，降低动物福利，并增加新出现传染病的风险。它还可能导致动物产品价格下降，从而影响农业的经济可持续性，并可能导致在特定时间内饲养更多的动物，增加动物的数量，并消除减少温室气体排放的好处。这些只是动物、人类和环境相互联系的几个例子，但它们之间的联系是明确的，并表明需要考虑动物的福利，以确保未来的人类和环境健康。本期《同一个健康》特刊进一步表明了动物的重要性以及我们在这一框架下对动物的治疗和管理。总之，动物福利科学不仅在改善动物的生活方面很重要，而且在收集高质量的研究数据、提高生产中的经济收益以及成为人类和环境健康的一个组成部分方面也很重要。因此，我们需要在研究和实际环境中考虑如何饲养和管理动物，以实现未来的“同一个健康”目标。劳拉·m·迪克森：构思，写作-原稿，写作-审查和编辑。作者声明无利益冲突。

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引用次数: 0

mRNA Vaccine Against Mpox: A Promising Healthcare Strategy m痘mRNA疫苗：一种有前途的医疗策略

Animal Research and One Health

Pub Date : 2025-04-22 DOI: 10.1002/aro2.70009

Mohammad Shah Alam, Md. Arman Sharif, Md. Aminul Islam, M. Nazmul Hoque

Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus of the family Poxviridae. It is an enveloped brick-shaped virus with a double-stranded DNA genome of approximately 200,000 bp in length that has two distinct genetic clades: clade I (Ia and Ib) endemic to Central Africa, usually in the Congo, and clade II (IIa and IIb) endemic to West Africa [1]. These two clades showed different patterns of transmission and disease severity. Clade I has a higher potential for human-to-human transmission, mostly through men-to-men sexual contact, and causes severe outcomes with approximately 10% mortality among those infected [2]. In contrast, clade II is less infectious, causes less severe disease, and has a lower mortality rate, around 1%, but has demonstrated the ability to spread more efficiently to nonendemic areas. Since its discovery, Mpox has been associated with small-scale endemic outbreaks in West and Central Africa. However, the number of outbreaks has recently increased. An outbreak of clade II has spread worldwide since May 2022, and the World Health Organization (WHO) declared it a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on July 23, 2022. As of October 25, 2023, more than 91,328 Mpox infections have been reported in 116 countries with 170 deaths [3]. Another outbreak of clade Ib began in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in December 2023 and spread to neighboring states such as Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, and Uganda. From 2023 to 29 March 2024, the DRC reported 18,922 Mpox cases, including 1007 deaths [4]. As of 14 August 2024, an additional 15,600 confirmed cases and 537 deaths [5], and as of 5 January 2025, another 4058 confirmed cases and 13 deaths [6] were reported.

Vaccines, notably smallpox vaccines, offer protection against Mpox infection. In contrast, in a recent study, mRNA-1769 showed superior preclinical efficacy in reducing symptoms and viral replication compared to modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) in monkeys, highlighting potential healthcare strategies against future Mpox epidemics as a scalable, safe, and effective alternative vaccine [7]. This commentary discussed the progress in developing mRNA vaccines as a promising healthcare strategy against Mpox.

The MPXV genome is closely related to other members of the Orthopoxvirus, ranging from the most virulent, variola virus (which causes smallpox) to the less virulent, vaccinia virus (VACV). Vaccines produced from one member of the genus confer immunity against another member. The U.S. Strategic National Stockpile contains several conventional vaccines against smallpox: Aventis Pasteur Smallpox Vaccine (APSV), ACAM2000, JYNNEOS, and LC16m8. Although these vaccines were highly effective, providing lifelong immunity and playing a key role in eradicating smallpox, the APSV and ACAM2

猴痘，以前称为猴痘，是一种由猴痘病毒（MPXV）引起的人畜共患疾病，猴痘病毒属于痘病毒科正痘病毒属。它是一种被包膜的砖状病毒，其双链DNA基因组长度约为200,000 bp，具有两个不同的遗传进化支：中非特有的进化支I (Ia和Ib)，通常在刚果，以及西非特有的进化支II （IIa和IIb）。这两个支系表现出不同的传播模式和疾病严重程度。进化支I在人与人之间传播的可能性更高，主要是通过男性与男性的性接触，并导致严重后果，感染者中约有10%的死亡率。相比之下，II支传染性较弱，引起的疾病较轻，死亡率较低，约为1%，但已证明能够更有效地传播到非流行地区。自发现以来，麻疹一直与西非和中非的小规模地方性疫情有关。然而，最近爆发的次数有所增加。自2022年5月以来，II型进化支疫情在全球范围内蔓延，世界卫生组织（WHO）于2022年7月23日宣布其为国际关注的突发公共卫生事件。截至2023年10月25日，116个国家报告了91328例麻疹感染，其中170例死亡。2023年12月在刚果民主共和国（DRC）爆发了另一次Ib分支的爆发，并蔓延到布隆迪、肯尼亚、卢旺达和乌干达等邻国。从2023年至2024年3月29日，刚果民主共和国报告了18922例麻疹病例，其中1007例死亡。截至2024年8月14日，新增15 600例确诊病例和537例死亡；截至2025年1月5日，新增4058例确诊病例和13例死亡。疫苗，特别是天花疫苗，可预防Mpox感染。相比之下，在最近的一项研究中，mRNA-1769在减少猴子症状和病毒复制方面表现出优于改良安卡拉牛痘（MVA）的临床前疗效，突出了作为一种可扩展、安全、有效的替代疫苗bbb的潜在医疗保健策略，以应对未来的m痘流行。这篇评论讨论了开发mRNA疫苗作为一种有前途的m痘保健策略的进展。MPXV基因组与正痘病毒的其他成员密切相关，从毒性最强的天花病毒（引起天花）到毒性较弱的牛痘病毒（VACV）。由一种属成员生产的疫苗赋予对另一种成员的免疫力。美国国家战略储备包含几种传统的天花疫苗：安万特巴斯德天花疫苗（APSV）、ACAM2000、JYNNEOS和LC16m8。尽管这些疫苗非常有效，提供终身免疫并在根除天花中发挥关键作用，但据报道，APSV和ACAM2000具有严重的副作用，如心包炎[8,9]。然而，由于一些副作用，JYNNEOS、LC16m8和OrthopoxVac在2022年全球Mpox暴发期间被批准用于Mpox感染。JYNNEOS是利用MVA-Bavarian Nordic VACV株在原代细胞培养或卵中进行多次传代而开发的。世卫组织和美国食品和药物管理局于2019年批准，用于18岁及以上麻疹感染高风险的成年人。研究表明，间隔4周接种两剂疫苗可提供66%-85%的Mpox保护[11-13]。LC16m8是一种由疫苗减毒的李斯特毒株生产的活的复制疫苗，1975年在日本被正式批准用于天花。由于其改善的安全性和减弱的表型，它可以用于免疫功能低下的患者[14,15]。此外，OrthopoxVac由西伯利亚媒介实验室开发，并在2022年进行临床试验后在俄罗斯联邦获得许可。它也是安全有效的。然而，所有常规疫苗仅被推荐用于有m痘感染风险的个体接触前预防m痘，并且在接触后接种的保护作用有限。此外，这些疫苗在开发过程的所有阶段都面临重大挑战，例如时间和财政成本增加。一种新兴的替代方案是由mRNA制成的基因疫苗，称为mRNA疫苗。尽管自2020年2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）爆发以来就开始使用mRNA疫苗，但首次成功转染RNA的报道是在1990年。由于单链mRNA的不稳定性和体内递送的低效率，这项技术最初具有挑战性。mRNA序列方案[17]的优化、更有效的传递载体[18]的开发以及炎症反应的控制使得该技术得到了广泛的应用。有了这些进展，mRNA疫苗的生产过程比传统疫苗安全、省时、高效，而且更容易适应。此外，它们的无细胞生产允许大规模快速生产，从而降低了污染的风险。此外，mRNA疫苗不整合到宿主基因组中，其设计目的是在体内快速表达编码抗原，从而迅速引发免疫反应[19]。这种疫苗在时间紧迫和迫切需要疫苗的大流行情况下是有益的；这一点在最近的COVID-19 mRNA疫苗全球大流行中得到了证明，它促进了疫苗生产的空前加速。多项COVID-19 mRNA疫苗的临床和随机对照试验表明，该免疫平台易于开发，具有可接受的安全性，可诱导体液和细胞介导的免疫，并且可以大规模生产。COVID-19 mRNA疫苗的巨大成功引起了人们对开发Mpox mRNA疫苗[20]的广泛兴趣。MPXV产生两种不同的抗原病毒粒子：细胞外包膜病毒粒子（EEV）和细胞内成熟病毒粒子（IMV）。事实上，eev附着在被感染的细胞上，而imv则留在被感染的细胞内直到裂解，并负责结合和进入病毒。近年来，研究人员已经开发出几种有前景的MPXV mRNA候选疫苗，这些疫苗对大多数EEV和IMV抗原显示出增强的免疫原性，并已成为传统疫苗对m痘保护的绝佳替代方案（表1）。最近的几项研究表明，编码至少一种EEV和IMV抗原的单价、双价和四价m痘mRNA疫苗在小鼠中诱导了强大的抗原特异性体液和细胞免疫反应[21-27]。四价和四价mRNA疫苗的保护作用优于一价和二价mRNA疫苗[22,24,29]。在最近的一项猴子研究中，四价（BNT166a）和三价（BNT166c）疫苗诱导了强大的t细胞免疫和IgG抗体，包括针对MPXV和VACV的中和抗体。此外，接种BNT166a疫苗在致命分支I型MPXV攻击bbb中100%有效地预防死亡和抑制病变。另一项研究将mRNA疫苗与JYNNEOS疫苗进行了比较：所有接种了JYNNEOS和mRNA-1769疫苗的猴子都存活了下来，而未接种疫苗的对照组的6只猴子中有5只死于该疾病；接种mrna -1769疫苗的猴子最多有54个m痘病变，而JYNNEOS组为607个，未接种疫苗组为1448个；mRNA-1769组的血液和喉咙中的MPXV载量低于JYNNEOS组，疾病持续时间缩短了10天以上，表明mRNA-1769疫苗在减轻猴子[7]的症状和潜在传播方面优于其竞争对手。mRNA疫苗技术及其递送的最新进展使基于mRNA的治疗方法进入了医学领域的新时代。mRNA疫苗的快速、有效和短暂性，不需要进入整个病毒基因组，将使它们成为治疗包括m痘在内的各种传染病的首选工具。随着mRNA疫苗技术的逐渐成熟，其在预防传染病方面的益处日益明显。最近的实验和临床前研究表明，MPXV mRNA疫苗通过提供几乎完全的保护以抵御m痘挑战，优于传统疫苗。高效、低成本生产、快速开发、安全给药以及提供体液和细胞免疫的能力是m痘mRNA疫苗的优势，为替代传统疫苗对抗未来m痘大流行威胁铺平了道路。尽管临床前研究表明mRNA疫苗在功效、免疫原性以及设计和生产的灵活性方面比传统疫苗有很大的优势，但大规模的人体临床和随机对照试验对FDA的批准至关重要。一项I/II期临床试验（NCT05995275）正在英国进行，目的是在人体中测试mRNA-1769，以确保安全性和免疫原性。预计2025年中期的数据将为第三阶段的设计提供信息。另一项I/II期临床试验（NCT

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引用次数: 0

Noncoding RNAs in Host–Microbiota Interaction 宿主-微生物相互作用中的非编码rna

Animal Research and One Health

Pub Date : 2025-04-22 DOI: 10.1002/aro2.70007

Ziyi Zhao, Ni Li, Jingyi Xu, Jianrong Ren, Xiaojun Yang, Xinyi Li, Junhu Yao, Shengru Wu

The dynamic interaction between the gut microbiota and the host significantly affects host biological processes and disease progression. In recent years, the regulatory mechanisms underlying these intricate interactions have been widely studied. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a class of functional RNAs that, despite not being translated into proteins, play critical roles in mediating host–gut microbiota interactions. In this review, we systematically elucidate the mechanisms of action and influence of ncRNAs derived from both hosts and microorganisms. Specifically, certain host ncRNAs depend on the microbiota to modulate gene expression and function, whereas other host ncRNAs can alter the composition and functionality of the gut microbiota. Conversely, bacterial small RNAs (sRNAs) can infiltrate host cells and modulate the expression and functions of host genes. These interactions reveal the complex communication modes between the host and microbiota, providing a new perspective for investigating the occurrence and development of intestinal diseases. Consequently, through the intervention of ncRNAs, host‒microbe interaction dynamics can be effectively regulated, thereby providing potential theoretical and technical foundations for the prevention and treatment of intestinal diseases.

肠道微生物群与宿主之间的动态相互作用显著影响宿主的生物过程和疾病进展。近年来，这些复杂相互作用的调控机制得到了广泛的研究。非编码rna （ncRNAs）是一类功能性rna，尽管不能翻译成蛋白质，但在介导宿主-肠道微生物群相互作用中起着关键作用。在这篇综述中，我们系统地阐明了来自宿主和微生物的ncrna的作用机制和影响。具体来说，某些宿主ncrna依赖于微生物群来调节基因表达和功能，而其他宿主ncrna可以改变肠道微生物群的组成和功能。相反，细菌小rna （sRNAs）可以渗入宿主细胞，调节宿主基因的表达和功能。这些相互作用揭示了宿主与微生物群之间复杂的交流模式，为研究肠道疾病的发生和发展提供了新的视角。因此，通过ncrna的干预，可以有效调节宿主-微生物相互作用动力学，从而为肠道疾病的预防和治疗提供潜在的理论和技术基础。

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引用次数: 0

Genomic Insights Into the Population and Antibiotic Resistance Changes of Salmonella Pullorum in China 中国白痢沙门氏菌种群及耐药性变化的基因组学研究

Animal Research and One Health

Pub Date : 2025-04-22 DOI: 10.1002/aro2.70005

Ke Wu, Jie Zhang, Jing Zuo, Qian Chen, Honglin Peng, Changwei Lei, Hongning Wang

Salmonella Pullorum is a host-restricted pathogen that causes substantial economic losses in the poultry industry. This study explores the genomic characteristics of S. Pullorum based on the genomes available on GenBank, with a particular focus on its evolution and antibiotic resistance in China. The analysis reveals that most S. Pullorum strains belong to ST92 and ST2151. The S. Pullorum strains harbor a complex repertoire of virulence genes and nine antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), including aminoglycoside resistance genes aac (6′)-Iaa, aadA5, aph (3″)-Ib, and aph (6)-Id; the tetracycline resistance gene tet(A); sulfonamide resistance genes dfrA17, sul1, and sul2; and the beta-lactam resistance gene bla_TEM-1B. The IncX1, IncQ1, and IncN plasmids play significant roles in the co-transmission of these ARGs. In addition, phylogenetic analysis indicates a closer genetic relationship among S. Pullorum strains isolated from the same country, highlighting the potential regional transmissions. Notably, S. Pullorum strains in China carry a higher number of ARGs than strains from other countries. Evolutionary dynamics reveals that the population size of S. Pullorum in China has stabilized since 2016, while the antibiotic resistance continues to rise. These results underscore the growing risk of S. Pullorum to the poultry industry and public health in China, highlighting the need for ongoing surveillance and effective control measures.

白痢沙门氏菌是一种宿主受限的病原体，给家禽业造成了巨大的经济损失。本研究基于GenBank上提供的基因组，探讨了白痢菌（S. Pullorum）的基因组特征，特别关注其在中国的进化和抗生素耐药性。分析结果表明，白痢沙门氏菌大部分菌株属于ST92和ST2151。白痢沙门氏菌具有复杂的毒力基因库和9种抗生素耐药基因（ARGs），包括氨基糖苷类耐药基因aac（6′）-Iaa、aadA5、aph（3″）-Ib和aph (6)-Id；四环素耐药基因tet(A)；磺胺抗性基因dfrA17、sul1和sul2；以及-内酰胺抗性基因blem - 1b。IncX1、IncQ1和IncN质粒在这些ARGs的共传播中发挥重要作用。此外，系统发育分析表明，同一国家分离的白痢菌菌株之间的遗传关系更密切，突出了潜在的区域传播。值得注意的是，中国的白痢沙门氏菌携带的arg数量高于其他国家的菌株。进化动态表明，自2016年以来，中国白痢菌的种群规模趋于稳定，而抗生素耐药性持续上升。这些结果强调了白痢沙门氏菌对中国家禽业和公共卫生日益增长的风险，强调了持续监测和有效控制措施的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Shennong 1 Chicken 40K Liquid Chip: Advancing Genetic Research in Chinese Indigenous Chickens 神农1号鸡40K液体芯片：中国地方鸡基因研究进展

Animal Research and One Health

Pub Date : 2025-04-14 DOI: 10.1002/aro2.70006

Chaoqun Gao, Chenxi Zhang, Kaiyuan Tian, Shucan Zhao, Yongle Xue, Sensen Yan, Chengpeng Xiao, Donghua Li, Guirong Sun, Ruili Han, Ruirui Jiang, Yadong Tian, Wenting Li, Kejun Wang, Xiangtao Kang

China boasts an abundance of indigenous chicken genetic resources, where the exploitation of whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) information offers significant potential for their development. However, the current chicken SNP chips are primarily designed for commercial chickens or a few local breeds. To address this gap, we have developed “Shennong 1 chicken 40K” liquid chip utilizing the genotyping by targeted sequencing. This chip integrates SNPs and present/absent variants and is specifically crafted for Chinese indigenous chickens. It encompasses 44,849 target sites, selected through an integration of whole-genome resequencing data, pan-genome data, genome-wide association study data, and previously reported functional data for economic traits. Compared to published gene chips, this chip contains a higher number of polymorphic loci in Chinese indigenous chickens, demonstrating enhanced applicability. Our validation of the chip on 204 individuals from seven different breeds yielded a mean capture ratio of 99.474% for the target sites, with minor allele frequencies > 0.05 accounting for 98.557% of the total sites. This chip effectively classifies different breeds, aligning clustering results from population structure analysis with actual breed groupings, thereby demonstrating the chip's excellent applicability. Additionally, we identified genes associated with production and environmental adaptation in chickens through selection signal analysis (IGF1, SOX5, CACNA1G, and CXCR4). Importantly, the chip's functional sites allow for precise evaluation, aiding in understanding the economic traits of specific breeds for informed decision-making. Overall, the chip provides essential technical support for the conservation, breeding, identification, and evaluation of Chinese indigenous chicken genetic resources.

中国拥有丰富的地方鸡遗传资源，全基因组单核苷酸多态性（SNP）信息的开发为其开发提供了巨大的潜力。然而，目前的鸡SNP芯片主要是为商业鸡或少数地方品种设计的。为了解决这一问题，我们利用靶向测序的基因分型技术开发了“神农1号鸡40K”液体芯片。该芯片集成了snp和存在/缺失的变体，并专门为中国本土鸡制作。它包含44,849个目标位点，通过整合全基因组重测序数据、泛基因组数据、全基因组关联研究数据和先前报道的经济性状功能数据来选择。与已发表的基因芯片相比，该芯片在中国本土鸡中含有更多的多态性位点，显示出更高的适用性。对来自7个不同品种的204个个体的芯片进行验证，目标位点的平均捕获率为99.474%，次要等位基因频率>； 0.05占总位点的98.557%。该芯片对不同品种进行了有效的分类，使种群结构分析的聚类结果与实际的品种分组一致，从而证明了该芯片的良好适用性。此外，我们通过选择信号分析确定了鸡生产和环境适应相关的基因（IGF1, SOX5， CACNA1G和CXCR4）。重要的是，芯片的功能位点可以进行精确的评估，帮助了解特定品种的经济特征，从而做出明智的决策。总之，该芯片为中国地方鸡遗传资源的保护、育种、鉴定和评价提供了必要的技术支持。

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引用次数: 0

Honey Bee Breeding and Breed: Advancements, Challenges, and Prospects 蜜蜂育种与品种：进步、挑战与展望

Animal Research and One Health

Pub Date : 2025-04-09 DOI: 10.1002/aro2.70003

Zheguang Lin, Lizhi Yang, Zhi Wang, Kang Wang, Qingsheng Niu, Ting Ji

Honey bees occupy a pivotal role in safeguarding ecological balance and bolstering the global agricultural economy through their indispensable pollination services. As the foremost commercial pollinator and producer of bee products, the western honey bees, Apis mellifera, have been extensively domesticated and managed worldwide. To harness their potential and enhance production traits, selective breeding practices are commonly implemented under human management. Nevertheless, despite the significance of these efforts, the foundational theories and concepts that underpin honey bee breeding remain fragmented. In this paper, we discuss the biological taxonomy of A. mellifera and the pertinent issues therein, emphasizing the necessity to recognize it as a domesticated animal and elucidate the concepts associated with livestock breeding. Drawing upon recent advances in the studies of honey bees and other domesticated species, we review the progress and challenges encountered in utilizing traditional breeding methods, which rely on phenotypic selection and natural mating, as well as marker-assisted selections integrating modern biotechnological tools at the molecular level. Moreover, the utilization of gene-editing tools in honey bee breeding is prospected, and the importance of reconciling bee breeding practices with conservation strategies is highlighted. Future research endeavors are anticipated to decipher the intricate genetic architecture underlying honey bee traits and develop precise genetic markers while weighing the ecological consequences of these breeding interventions. Through interdisciplinary collaboration and relentless innovation, robust technological support can be established to restore and protect honey bee populations, thereby ensuring the sustained vitality and contribution of this precious natural resource to our planet.

蜜蜂通过其不可或缺的授粉服务，在维护生态平衡和促进全球农业经济方面发挥着关键作用。作为最重要的商业传粉者和蜂产品生产者，西方蜜蜂（Apis mellifera）在世界范围内被广泛驯化和管理。为了利用它们的潜力和提高生产性状，通常在人类管理下实施选择性育种做法。然而，尽管这些努力意义重大，但支撑蜜蜂育种的基础理论和概念仍然支离破碎。本文讨论了蜜蜂的生物分类及其相关问题，强调了将蜜蜂作为一种家养动物的必要性，并阐明了与畜牧育种有关的概念。根据蜜蜂和其他驯化物种研究的最新进展，我们回顾了利用传统育种方法的进展和面临的挑战，这些方法依赖于表型选择和自然交配，以及在分子水平上整合现代生物技术工具的标记辅助选择。此外，展望了基因编辑工具在蜜蜂育种中的应用，并强调了协调蜜蜂育种实践与保护策略的重要性。未来的研究工作预计将破译蜜蜂性状背后复杂的遗传结构，开发精确的遗传标记，同时权衡这些育种干预的生态后果。通过跨学科合作和不懈创新，可以建立强大的技术支持，以恢复和保护蜜蜂种群，从而确保这种宝贵的自然资源对我们星球的持续活力和贡献。

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引用次数: 0