Biosensors for phytohormone Abscisic acid and its role in humans: A review

Abstract

ABA (abscisic acid) is a phytohormone that is important in regulating stress and various pathological conditions in humans. ABA can be ingested exogenously or endogenously, and is naturally produced by stem cells, macrophages, and keratinocytes. ABA mediates immunological reactions such as phagocytosis, chemotaxis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In humans, LANCL2 serves as an ABA receptor. Depending on the signaling pathway involved, ABA can act as an inflammatory or anti-inflammatory agent. ABA plays a vital role in glucose tolerance, atherosclerosis treatment, prostate cancer dormancy, malaria, type 2 diabetes, and dementia. Various detection methods have been developed to detect ABA, including chromatographic, spectroscopic, and colorimetric assays, as well as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry. Biosensors are commonly used to detect analytes in low concentrations. LSPR and FRET sensors are two types of biosensors that have been developed for the detection of ABA. LSPR sensors rely on light interacting with metal nanoparticles to detect analytes, while FRET sensors rely on energy transfer between a donor and acceptor molecule. LSPR sensors offer high sensitivity, label-free detection, and the ability to detect multiple targets simultaneously, while FRET sensors offer high specificity and customizability. Aptamers have recently been used as a substitute for antibodies in biosensors to provide higher sensitivity and lower cost. This review focuses on the role of ABA and the various biosensors used to detect it in the treatment of various diseases in mammals.