The gas sensing mechanism is one of the most important parameters of chemiresistive gas sensors, and distinguishing them opens the possibility of manipulating sensor performance. In this study, we introduced the concept of adsorption-type contribution to the gas-sensing performance that could further enhance the fundamental understanding of gas-sensing mechanisms and aid future sensor development. The proposed concept was applied for the examination of Fe-doped SnO2 gas sensors ionic obtained through the successive layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method. The 0.5 mol.% Fe-doped SnO2 sensor demonstrated a sensing response of 118 % to 25 ppm acetone at a relatively low optimal working temperature of 175 °C, and a temperature-induced p–n junction shift at around 50 °C. It had an LOD of approximately 250 ppb and a linear sensing range that extended to 25 ppm. Notably, the sensor had a response time of approximately 52 s and a recovery time of around 14 s. These results suggest the potential of Fe-doped SnO2 sensors for acetone detection relevant to self-diagnosis and health monitoring.
{"title":"The role of chemisorption and physisorption in Fe-doped SnO2 acetone sensors","authors":"Yernar Shynybekov , Baktiyar Soltabayev , Almagul Mentbayeva , Amanzhol Turlybekuly","doi":"10.1016/j.sintl.2025.100359","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sintl.2025.100359","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The gas sensing mechanism is one of the most important parameters of chemiresistive gas sensors, and distinguishing them opens the possibility of manipulating sensor performance. In this study, we introduced the concept of adsorption-type contribution to the gas-sensing performance that could further enhance the fundamental understanding of gas-sensing mechanisms and aid future sensor development. The proposed concept was applied for the examination of Fe-doped SnO<sub>2</sub> gas sensors ionic obtained through the successive layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method. The 0.5 mol.% Fe-doped SnO<sub>2</sub> sensor demonstrated a sensing response of 118 % to 25 ppm acetone at a relatively low optimal working temperature of 175 °C, and a temperature-induced p–n junction shift at around 50 °C. It had an LOD of approximately 250 ppb and a linear sensing range that extended to 25 ppm. Notably, the sensor had a response time of approximately 52 s and a recovery time of around 14 s. These results suggest the potential of Fe-doped SnO<sub>2</sub> sensors for acetone detection relevant to self-diagnosis and health monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21733,"journal":{"name":"Sensors International","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100359"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145516510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2026.100373
Lijin Rajan , Toribio F. Otero , Sivakrishna Prakash , Seema Ansari , Yahya A. Ismail
In this study, we present a comprehensive experimental investigation and theoretical description of the sensing capabilities of the electrochemical reactions of PEDOT/PVA interpenetrated film responding to the electrical, chemical, and thermal ambient conditions. The reaction drives reversible conformational movements or cooperative actuation of the PEDOT chains (the macromolecular electrochemical motors) mimicking biological functionalities that has been explored by few. The PEDOT/PVA hybrid film serves as a model material to simulate the cooperative actuation of sarcomeres in muscles. The consumed reaction energy under cyclic voltametric experimental conditions respond to and sense the ambient conditions: electrical (potential scan rate), chemical (electrolyte concentration) and thermal (temperature). Here, only two connecting wires are required to communicate both the command (current) and sensing signals (charge or energy) between the computer (brain) and the film (muscle). In other words, no additional sensors or connecting wires are required. Based on the reaction rate equation, a theoretical description consistent with the experimental results was developed. If these findings are translated to natural muscles and biological systems, they suggest that at any time the reaction energy in functional cells (such as the sarcomeres in muscles) could generate mechanical, chemical, thermal, and neuronal sensing signals to inform the brain during actuation. This remains an open biological question.
{"title":"Biomimetic multi-sensing behavior through co-operative actuation of electrochemical macromolecular motors in conducting polymers: Results from PEDOT/PVA interpenetrated films","authors":"Lijin Rajan , Toribio F. Otero , Sivakrishna Prakash , Seema Ansari , Yahya A. Ismail","doi":"10.1016/j.sintl.2026.100373","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sintl.2026.100373","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we present a comprehensive experimental investigation and theoretical description of the sensing capabilities of the electrochemical reactions of PEDOT/PVA interpenetrated film responding to the electrical, chemical, and thermal ambient conditions. The reaction drives reversible conformational movements or cooperative actuation of the PEDOT chains (the macromolecular electrochemical motors) mimicking biological functionalities that has been explored by few. The PEDOT/PVA hybrid film serves as a model material to simulate the cooperative actuation of sarcomeres in muscles. The consumed reaction energy under cyclic voltametric experimental conditions respond to and sense the ambient conditions: electrical (potential scan rate), chemical (electrolyte concentration) and thermal (temperature). Here, only two connecting wires are required to communicate both the command (current) and sensing signals (charge or energy) between the computer (brain) and the film (muscle). In other words, no additional sensors or connecting wires are required. Based on the reaction rate equation, a theoretical description consistent with the experimental results was developed. If these findings are translated to natural muscles and biological systems, they suggest that at any time the reaction energy in functional cells (such as the sarcomeres in muscles) could generate mechanical, chemical, thermal, and neuronal sensing signals to inform the brain during actuation. This remains an open biological question.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21733,"journal":{"name":"Sensors International","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100373"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146077020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2025.100370
Mohamed Hemid, Hamid Nawaz, Nouha Alcheikh
This study presents a V-shaped microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) device designed to harness mode localization and nonlinear dynamic effects for high-performance pressure and/or multifunctional sensing. Three V-shaped devices with different geometric configurations were fabricated and tested to evaluate their pressure-sensing performance and anti-crossing behavior under pressure. The latter is particularly beneficial for sensing applications, as it ensures the device remains unaffected by pressure variations, eliminating the need for an additional packaging system. By exploiting mode coupling between the frequencies of symmetric and anti-symmetric modes, the sensors exhibited significant frequency and amplitude shifts across a pressure range of 0.1–760 Torr. One device demonstrated a sensitivity of up to 508.4 ppm/Torr near ambient pressure, while another achieved an ultra-high sensitivity of 7460 ppm/Torr in the medium-vacuum range and 1205.4 ppm/Torr in the low-vacuum range, showcasing excellent sensitivity and linearity. The third device showed a robustness against pressure variations, with one mode selectively insensitive to pressure but responsive to other stimuli, enabling multimodal sensing capabilities. Moreover, the device has been tested under temperature environmental variation, showing a low sensitivity of 20.4 ppm/0C. Comparative analysis with existing MEMS pressure sensors underscores the proposed design's advantages in structural simplicity, compact size, and high sensitivity, particularly in low-vacuum environments, positioning it as a promising solution for advanced sensing applications in biomedical, environmental, and industrial domains.
{"title":"A simple V-shaped microdevice for high-performance, wide-range vacuum and multifunctional sensing applications","authors":"Mohamed Hemid, Hamid Nawaz, Nouha Alcheikh","doi":"10.1016/j.sintl.2025.100370","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sintl.2025.100370","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a V-shaped microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) device designed to harness mode localization and nonlinear dynamic effects for high-performance pressure and/or multifunctional sensing. Three V-shaped devices with different geometric configurations were fabricated and tested to evaluate their pressure-sensing performance and anti-crossing behavior under pressure. The latter is particularly beneficial for sensing applications, as it ensures the device remains unaffected by pressure variations, eliminating the need for an additional packaging system. By exploiting mode coupling between the frequencies of symmetric and anti-symmetric modes, the sensors exhibited significant frequency and amplitude shifts across a pressure range of 0.1–760 Torr. One device demonstrated a sensitivity of up to 508.4 ppm/Torr near ambient pressure, while another achieved an ultra-high sensitivity of 7460 ppm/Torr in the medium-vacuum range and 1205.4 ppm/Torr in the low-vacuum range, showcasing excellent sensitivity and linearity. The third device showed a robustness against pressure variations, with one mode selectively insensitive to pressure but responsive to other stimuli, enabling multimodal sensing capabilities. Moreover, the device has been tested under temperature environmental variation, showing a low sensitivity of 20.4 ppm/<sup>0</sup>C. Comparative analysis with existing MEMS pressure sensors underscores the proposed design's advantages in structural simplicity, compact size, and high sensitivity, particularly in low-vacuum environments, positioning it as a promising solution for advanced sensing applications in biomedical, environmental, and industrial domains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21733,"journal":{"name":"Sensors International","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100370"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2025.100355
Eslam Sherif , Akram Khairi , Hussain Sajwani , Abdullah Solayman , Abdallah Mohammad Alkilany , Ahmed Awadalla , Mohamad Halwani , Laith AbuAssi , Dewald Swart , Abdulla Ayyad , Yahya Zweiri
Early detection of machining faults is critical to avoid damage to high-value workpieces, prevent tool failure, and mitigate safety risks in automated manufacturing environments. While robotic automation has advanced across manufacturing, aerospace machining remains difficult to automate due to strict quality requirements and the lack of intelligent, real-time fault monitoring. During machining, skilled human operators rely on their tactile perception to detect subtle faults such as tool wear, misalignment, or insufficient feed force through vibration cues. Replicating this level of high-resolution tactile fidelity in robotic systems remains a key challenge. We present an event Vision-Based Tactile Sensor (EVBTS) that enables robots to perceive and interpret machining vibrations with a human-like sense of touch. The sensor uses an event camera to observe a deformable, marker-embedded membrane, capturing fine-grained spatiotemporal deformation patterns with microsecond latency. This high-fidelity, biomimetic signal stream allows robotic systems to detect faults in machining dynamics. We evaluate EVBTS on a robotic drilling setup for aerospace nutplate installation, spanning 12 distinct machining conditions. A lightweight convolutional neural network, integrated into a real-time pipeline with Exponential Moving Average (EMA) filtering, achieves 98.56% classification test accuracy, a 98.11% test F1 score, and 100 ms inference latency. This pipeline demonstrates closed-loop feedback, successfully halting faulty operations mid-process to prevent defects. These results demonstrate that EVBTS enables real-time, high-resolution fault detection and intervention, allowing for early correction, much like a skilled human operator, supporting safer, more precise, and autonomous manufacturing.
{"title":"Real-Time Fault Detection in Robotic Manufacturing Using High-Bandwidth Event Vision-Based Tactile Sensing","authors":"Eslam Sherif , Akram Khairi , Hussain Sajwani , Abdullah Solayman , Abdallah Mohammad Alkilany , Ahmed Awadalla , Mohamad Halwani , Laith AbuAssi , Dewald Swart , Abdulla Ayyad , Yahya Zweiri","doi":"10.1016/j.sintl.2025.100355","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sintl.2025.100355","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Early detection of machining faults is critical to avoid damage to high-value workpieces, prevent tool failure, and mitigate safety risks in automated manufacturing environments. While robotic automation has advanced across manufacturing, aerospace machining remains difficult to automate due to strict quality requirements and the lack of intelligent, real-time fault monitoring. During machining, skilled human operators rely on their tactile perception to detect subtle faults such as tool wear, misalignment, or insufficient feed force through vibration cues. Replicating this level of high-resolution tactile fidelity in robotic systems remains a key challenge. We present an event Vision-Based Tactile Sensor (EVBTS) that enables robots to perceive and interpret machining vibrations with a human-like sense of touch. The sensor uses an event camera to observe a deformable, marker-embedded membrane, capturing fine-grained spatiotemporal deformation patterns with microsecond latency. This high-fidelity, biomimetic signal stream allows robotic systems to detect faults in machining dynamics. We evaluate EVBTS on a robotic drilling setup for aerospace nutplate installation, spanning 12 distinct machining conditions. A lightweight convolutional neural network, integrated into a real-time pipeline with Exponential Moving Average (EMA) filtering, achieves 98.56% classification test accuracy, a 98.11% test F1 score, and <span><math><mo><</mo></math></span>100 ms inference latency. This pipeline demonstrates closed-loop feedback, successfully halting faulty operations mid-process to prevent defects. These results demonstrate that EVBTS enables real-time, high-resolution fault detection and intervention, allowing for early correction, much like a skilled human operator, supporting safer, more precise, and autonomous manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21733,"journal":{"name":"Sensors International","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100355"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145465647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2026-02-26DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2026.100380
G. Oliva , L. Manin , F. Laganà , A.S. Fiorillo , S.A. Pullano
The increasing impact and significance of volatile organic compound (VOC) has led to a growing demand for portable and rapid analytical techniques. Among the available technologies, photoionization detector (PID) has emerged as a widely used solution due to their sensitivity, fast response, and ease of integration into compact systems. However, a consistent limitation reported across the literature is the relatively poor selectivity of PIDs when distinguishing between chemically similar VOCs in complex mixtures. In this review, we provide a detailed examination of the current technologies employed in PID systems, examining photoionizer designs, materials, and their operating principles. Particular attention is given to the limitations these technologies face, as well as the emerging strategies aimed at overcoming existing barriers and enabling the next generation of PID.
{"title":"Evolution of photoionization detectors: Challenges and new opportunities","authors":"G. Oliva , L. Manin , F. Laganà , A.S. Fiorillo , S.A. Pullano","doi":"10.1016/j.sintl.2026.100380","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sintl.2026.100380","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing impact and significance of volatile organic compound (VOC) has led to a growing demand for portable and rapid analytical techniques. Among the available technologies, photoionization detector (PID) has emerged as a widely used solution due to their sensitivity, fast response, and ease of integration into compact systems. However, a consistent limitation reported across the literature is the relatively poor selectivity of PIDs when distinguishing between chemically similar VOCs in complex mixtures. In this review, we provide a detailed examination of the current technologies employed in PID systems, examining photoionizer designs, materials, and their operating principles. Particular attention is given to the limitations these technologies face, as well as the emerging strategies aimed at overcoming existing barriers and enabling the next generation of PID.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21733,"journal":{"name":"Sensors International","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100380"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147394393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2026-01-03DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2026.100371
Ali Gadelmoula , Xuan Li , Baker Mohammad , Moh'd Rezeq , Wesley Cantwell , Lianxi Zheng
Neuromorphic computing systems could greatly benefit from electronic devices that exhibit analog resistive switching and dynamic adaptation similar to those of biological neurons, particularly for implementing sensory functions such as nociception. Here, we present a graphene oxide–cobalt oxide (GO–CoO) memristor that exhibits analog resistive switching with intrinsic current decay. Successive current–voltage sweeps with varying cutoff voltages demonstrate multilevel, finely tunable resistance states over a broad range without any compliance current. Charge–flux analysis confirms that the device operates as a true memristor, and cumulative conductance buildup under sequential positive and negative biases indicates robust, polarity-independent switching. Moreover, tuning the voltage sweep rate modulates the inertia of charge carriers that governs the switching kinetics. The GO–CoO architecture establishes a conductive network wherein oxygen vacancy dynamics within CoO particles and conductive rGO formation collectively govern analog resistive switching, providing the essential tunability and stability required to emulate synaptic plasticity. Under optimized pulsed stimulation, the memristor faithfully emulates key nociceptive neural responses, including a threshold response, peripheral sensitization (manifested as hyperalgesia and allodynia), central sensitization (temporal summation and facilitation), suprathreshold response, and post-stimulus recovery. The device also exhibits both short-term and long-term synaptic plasticity. These results pave the way for simple, cost-effective memristors capable of emulating neural synaptic functions and pain perception.
{"title":"Toward neuromorphic pain sensors: Full-Spectrum artificial nociception via analog-switching memristors with tunable volatility","authors":"Ali Gadelmoula , Xuan Li , Baker Mohammad , Moh'd Rezeq , Wesley Cantwell , Lianxi Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.sintl.2026.100371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sintl.2026.100371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neuromorphic computing systems could greatly benefit from electronic devices that exhibit analog resistive switching and dynamic adaptation similar to those of biological neurons, particularly for implementing sensory functions such as nociception. Here, we present a graphene oxide–cobalt oxide (GO–CoO) memristor that exhibits analog resistive switching with intrinsic current decay. Successive current–voltage sweeps with varying cutoff voltages demonstrate multilevel, finely tunable resistance states over a broad range without any compliance current. Charge–flux analysis confirms that the device operates as a true memristor, and cumulative conductance buildup under sequential positive and negative biases indicates robust, polarity-independent switching. Moreover, tuning the voltage sweep rate modulates the inertia of charge carriers that governs the switching kinetics. The GO–CoO architecture establishes a conductive network wherein oxygen vacancy dynamics within CoO particles and conductive rGO formation collectively govern analog resistive switching, providing the essential tunability and stability required to emulate synaptic plasticity. Under optimized pulsed stimulation, the memristor faithfully emulates key nociceptive neural responses, including a threshold response, peripheral sensitization (manifested as hyperalgesia and allodynia), central sensitization (temporal summation and facilitation), suprathreshold response, and post-stimulus recovery. The device also exhibits both short-term and long-term synaptic plasticity. These results pave the way for simple, cost-effective memristors capable of emulating neural synaptic functions and pain perception.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21733,"journal":{"name":"Sensors International","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100371"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-10-31DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2025.100356
Jessica Centracchio , Eliana Cinotti , Salvatore Parlato , Paolo Bifulco , Pasquale Zamboli , Rosalba Liguori , Giuseppe Longo , Massimo Punzi , Annalisa Liccardo , Francesco Bonavolontà , Giovanna Capolongo , Emilio Andreozzi
Arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are the preferred vascular accesses for hemodialysis and are made by anastomosing an artery and a vein. The arterial blood flowing into the anastomosed vein results in abnormal infrasonic and audible vibrations of venous walls, which produce tactile and audible sensations known as thrill and bruit sounds. Physical examination of AVFs is instrumental for early detection of stenoses, but it is operator-dependent. Several measurement systems have been proposed for quantitative analysis of bruit sounds, and only a few focused on thrill. However, none of these has demonstrated that the signals acquired correspond to the thrill and bruit sounds perceived by physicians.
This study presents, for the first time in literature, a novel AVF monitoring system that simultaneously records sphygmic pulses, thrills, and bruit sounds signals, also demonstrating that they share the same behaviors of tactile and audible sensations perceived by physicians. The proposed system is based on a small, non-invasive force sensor that captures both infrasonic and audible vibrations, and an ad hoc signal processing that accurately separates sphygmic pulses from thrills and bruit sounds. Experimental tests were carried out on 18 patients to assess two common behaviors observed during medical routine examinations. In particular, recordings were acquired on 3 measurement sites along the anastomosed vein, to verify the progressive amplitude reduction of thrill and bruit sounds from the anastomosis, and also their brisk amplitude reduction during vein occlusion tests. One-tailed Wilcoxon rank sum tests confirmed the expected amplitude reductions in both tests (p < 0.00001). In conclusion, the proposed AVF monitoring system accurately captures all vibrations produced by AVFs, which could be used to quantitatively evaluate the health status of patients and improve their surveillance.
{"title":"A novel system to record pulses, thrills, and bruit sounds generated by arteriovenous fistulas","authors":"Jessica Centracchio , Eliana Cinotti , Salvatore Parlato , Paolo Bifulco , Pasquale Zamboli , Rosalba Liguori , Giuseppe Longo , Massimo Punzi , Annalisa Liccardo , Francesco Bonavolontà , Giovanna Capolongo , Emilio Andreozzi","doi":"10.1016/j.sintl.2025.100356","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sintl.2025.100356","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are the preferred vascular accesses for hemodialysis and are made by anastomosing an artery and a vein. The arterial blood flowing into the anastomosed vein results in abnormal infrasonic and audible vibrations of venous walls, which produce tactile and audible sensations known as thrill and bruit sounds. Physical examination of AVFs is instrumental for early detection of stenoses, but it is operator-dependent. Several measurement systems have been proposed for quantitative analysis of bruit sounds, and only a few focused on thrill. However, none of these has demonstrated that the signals acquired correspond to the thrill and bruit sounds perceived by physicians.</div><div>This study presents, for the first time in literature, a novel AVF monitoring system that simultaneously records sphygmic pulses, thrills, and bruit sounds signals, also demonstrating that they share the same behaviors of tactile and audible sensations perceived by physicians. The proposed system is based on a small, non-invasive force sensor that captures both infrasonic and audible vibrations, and an <em>ad hoc</em> signal processing that accurately separates sphygmic pulses from thrills and bruit sounds. Experimental tests were carried out on 18 patients to assess two common behaviors observed during medical routine examinations. In particular, recordings were acquired on 3 measurement sites along the anastomosed vein, to verify the progressive amplitude reduction of thrill and bruit sounds from the anastomosis, and also their brisk amplitude reduction during vein occlusion tests. One-tailed Wilcoxon rank sum tests confirmed the expected amplitude reductions in both tests (p < 0.00001). In conclusion, the proposed AVF monitoring system accurately captures all vibrations produced by AVFs, which could be used to quantitatively evaluate the health status of patients and improve their surveillance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21733,"journal":{"name":"Sensors International","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100356"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145465646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-07-01DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2025.100346
Sameena Begum , P. Nagaraju , S. Sarika Yadav , M. Swathi
Mixed metal oxides are emerging materials in the gas-sensing industry because of their superior gas-sensing characteristics. ZnO-based ternary mixed-metal oxide nanocomposites were sprayed on glass substrates using the spray pyrolysis method with optimized deposition conditions by changing NiO and CuO molar concentrations. Microstructural, topographical, and chemical studies of synthesised thin films were conducted using XRD, Raman spectroscopy, TEM, FESEM, and XPS, respectively. The XRD studies showed that ZnO is hexagonal, NiO particles are cubic, and CuO has monoclinic structures. Using the Scherrer formula, the crystallite sizes of the nanocomposites were calculated and found to be in the range of 8 nm–10 nm. FESEM results indicate that the synthesised films show a uniform distribution of particles with a good porous nature. Raman spectroscopy and TEM results agree with the studies of XRD. XPS analysis also confirms the formation of ZnO-NiO-CuO composites. Using a static method, gas sensing studies were conducted towards different ammonia concentrations, starting from 5 ppm to 20 ppm, at room temperature. A ternary composite sprayed with a molar concentration of 50 wt% ZnO – 30 wt% NiO- 20 wt% CuO showed superior gas sensing properties compared to other samples with response and recovery times of 59 s and 66 s, respectively, towards 5 ppm of ammonia at room temperature due to uniformly distributed spherical nanoparticles with a highly porous and rough surface made it strong interparticle interactions, making it ideal for ammonia sensing applications.
{"title":"Zinc oxide-nickel oxide-copper oxide mixed nanocomposite thin films for ammonia gas sensor applications","authors":"Sameena Begum , P. Nagaraju , S. Sarika Yadav , M. Swathi","doi":"10.1016/j.sintl.2025.100346","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sintl.2025.100346","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mixed metal oxides are emerging materials in the gas-sensing industry because of their superior gas-sensing characteristics. ZnO-based ternary mixed-metal oxide nanocomposites were sprayed on glass substrates using the spray pyrolysis method with optimized deposition conditions by changing NiO and CuO molar concentrations. Microstructural, topographical, and chemical studies of synthesised thin films were conducted using XRD, Raman spectroscopy, TEM, FESEM, and XPS, respectively. The XRD studies showed that ZnO is hexagonal, NiO particles are cubic, and CuO has monoclinic structures. Using the Scherrer formula, the crystallite sizes of the nanocomposites were calculated and found to be in the range of 8 nm–10 nm. FESEM results indicate that the synthesised films show a uniform distribution of particles with a good porous nature. Raman spectroscopy and TEM results agree with the studies of XRD. XPS analysis also confirms the formation of ZnO-NiO-CuO composites. Using a static method, gas sensing studies were conducted towards different ammonia concentrations, starting from 5 ppm to 20 ppm, at room temperature. A ternary composite sprayed with a molar concentration of 50 wt% ZnO – 30 wt% NiO- 20 wt% CuO showed superior gas sensing properties compared to other samples with response and recovery times of 59 s and 66 s, respectively, towards 5 ppm of ammonia at room temperature due to uniformly distributed spherical nanoparticles with a highly porous and rough surface made it strong interparticle interactions, making it ideal for ammonia sensing applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21733,"journal":{"name":"Sensors International","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100346"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144563302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2026-02-24DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2026.100379
Aiman Y. Alwadi , Sadeq B. Abu-Dawas , Sulaiman Al Salameh , Eman A. Alshehri , Muhammed Shabab , Raja Chinnappan , Ahmed Yaqinuddin , Tanveer Ahmad Mir
Organ
and organoid-on-a-chip (OoC) platforms provide microengineered human tissue models that reproduce key physiological features such as perfusion, mechanical cues, and multicellular interfaces while remaining compatible with established gene expression profiling (GEP) techniques. This review examines how conventional transcriptomic methods, including qPCR, microarrays, and bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing, are integrated with OoC systems and how microphysiological control reshapes the interpretation of gene expression data beyond static culture conditions. Representative applications across major organ systems are synthesized to illustrate how chip design parameters (cell source, architecture, flow, mechanical stimulation, and exposure route) influence transcriptional programs associated with disease phenotypes and drug responses. Rather than presenting OoC-derived gene signatures as stand-alone predictors, we emphasize their value as mechanistic endpoints that link controlled environmental perturbations to pathway-level biological responses. The analysis highlights both advantages, such as time-resolved sampling, improved contextual relevance, and reduced reliance on animal models, and persistent challenges, including device-to-device variability, low-input RNA handling, limited interlaboratory reproducibility, and incomplete standardization. Finally, emerging directions are discussed, including multi-organ integration, patient-specific iPSC-derived models, AI-assisted data analysis, and growing regulatory interest in New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) for safety and efficacy decision support. Together, these developments position OoC-coupled GEP as a promising but still maturing approach for translational research and personalized medicine.
{"title":"Utility of organ and organoids-on-chip based in vitro models in gene expression profiling: An overview","authors":"Aiman Y. Alwadi , Sadeq B. Abu-Dawas , Sulaiman Al Salameh , Eman A. Alshehri , Muhammed Shabab , Raja Chinnappan , Ahmed Yaqinuddin , Tanveer Ahmad Mir","doi":"10.1016/j.sintl.2026.100379","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sintl.2026.100379","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Organ</h3><div>and organoid-on-a-chip (OoC) platforms provide microengineered human tissue models that reproduce key physiological features such as perfusion, mechanical cues, and multicellular interfaces while remaining compatible with established gene expression profiling (GEP) techniques. This review examines how conventional transcriptomic methods, including qPCR, microarrays, and bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing, are integrated with OoC systems and how microphysiological control reshapes the interpretation of gene expression data beyond static culture conditions. Representative applications across major organ systems are synthesized to illustrate how chip design parameters (cell source, architecture, flow, mechanical stimulation, and exposure route) influence transcriptional programs associated with disease phenotypes and drug responses. Rather than presenting OoC-derived gene signatures as stand-alone predictors, we emphasize their value as mechanistic endpoints that link controlled environmental perturbations to pathway-level biological responses. The analysis highlights both advantages, such as time-resolved sampling, improved contextual relevance, and reduced reliance on animal models, and persistent challenges, including device-to-device variability, low-input RNA handling, limited interlaboratory reproducibility, and incomplete standardization. Finally, emerging directions are discussed, including multi-organ integration, patient-specific iPSC-derived models, AI-assisted data analysis, and growing regulatory interest in New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) for safety and efficacy decision support. Together, these developments position OoC-coupled GEP as a promising but still maturing approach for translational research and personalized medicine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21733,"journal":{"name":"Sensors International","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100379"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147394400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are a global health and economic challenge, particularly in industrialized nations, accounting for up to 2 % of GDP losses due to disability and productivity reduction. Wearable sensors, driven by Industry 4.0 advancements, offer transformative potential for real-time ergonomic assessment and injury prevention. This systematic review analyzes 40 peer-reviewed studies (2013–2024) to evaluate the application of inertial measurement units (IMUs), electromyography (EMG) sensors, and pressure sensors in mitigating WMSD risks. Findings demonstrate that wearable technologies enhance workplace safety through real-time feedback, reducing ergonomic risks and improving productivity. Despite promising advancements, challenges such as scalability, user comfort, and data privacy persist. This review emphasizes the need for standardized protocols, ethical frameworks, and deeper integration with machine learning to optimize sensor accuracy and usability. Future research directions include advancing AI-driven predictive ergonomics, addressing privacy concerns, and improving sensor design for widespread industrial adoption. This study provides actionable insights to bridge the gap between academic research and practical deployment in diverse industrial settings.
{"title":"Wearable sensors in Industry 4.0: Preventing work-related musculoskeletal disorders","authors":"Morteza Jalali Alenjareghi, Firdaous Sekkay, Camelia Dadouchi, Samira Keivanpour","doi":"10.1016/j.sintl.2025.100343","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sintl.2025.100343","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are a global health and economic challenge, particularly in industrialized nations, accounting for up to 2 % of GDP losses due to disability and productivity reduction. Wearable sensors, driven by Industry 4.0 advancements, offer transformative potential for real-time ergonomic assessment and injury prevention. This systematic review analyzes 40 peer-reviewed studies (2013–2024) to evaluate the application of inertial measurement units (IMUs), electromyography (EMG) sensors, and pressure sensors in mitigating WMSD risks. Findings demonstrate that wearable technologies enhance workplace safety through real-time feedback, reducing ergonomic risks and improving productivity. Despite promising advancements, challenges such as scalability, user comfort, and data privacy persist. This review emphasizes the need for standardized protocols, ethical frameworks, and deeper integration with machine learning to optimize sensor accuracy and usability. Future research directions include advancing AI-driven predictive ergonomics, addressing privacy concerns, and improving sensor design for widespread industrial adoption. This study provides actionable insights to bridge the gap between academic research and practical deployment in diverse industrial settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21733,"journal":{"name":"Sensors International","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100343"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144563796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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