Childhood victimisation as a predictor of muscle dysmorphia in adult male bodybuilders

Abstract

Recent studies show that body dissatisfaction in men is on the increase with particular emphasis on muscle dysmorphia (MD) which is a subtype of body dysmorphic disorder characterised by a constricted focus on muscularity and fat levels. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of MD with childhood victimisation experiences and levels of anxiety and depression in a non-clinical sample of male bodybuilders. Fifty-one participants completed an online questionnaire consisting of three questionnaires; The Retrospective Bullying Questionnaire, the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales and The Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale. Results showed strong correlations between victimisation experiences and anxiety and depression. A direct effect between victimisation and MD was significant (B=34.3, p=0.02), while a mediated effect through anxiety was also significant (B=21.9, p=0.02). The pathway between childhood victimisation and MD is reinforced by negative psychopathology, particularly anxiety as it may...