Realistic Forests and the Modeling of Forest-Atmosphere Exchange

IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Reviews of Geophysics Pub Date : 2022-01-04 DOI:10.1029/2021RG000746
E. J. Bannister, A. R. MacKenzie, X.-M. Cai
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引用次数: 3

Abstract

Forests cover nearly a third of the Earth's land area and exchange mass, momentum, and energy with the atmosphere. Most studies of these exchanges, particularly using numerical models, consider forests whose structure has been heavily simplified. In many landscapes, these simplifications are unrealistic. Inhomogeneous landscapes and unsteady weather conditions generate fluid dynamical features that cause observations to be inaccurately interpreted, biased, or over-generalized. In Part I, we discuss experimental, theoretical, and numerical progress in the understanding of turbulent exchange over realistic forests. Scalar transport does not necessarily follow the flow in realistic settings, meaning scalar quantities are rarely at equilibrium around patchy forests, and significant scalar fluxes may form in the lee of forested hills. Gaps and patchiness generate significant spatial fluxes that current models and observations neglect. Atmospheric instability increases the distance over which fluxes adjust at forest edges. In deciduous forests, the effects of patchiness differ between seasons; counter intuitively, eddies reach further into leafy canopies (because they are rougher aerodynamically). Air parcel residence times are likely much lower in patchy forests than homogeneous ones, especially around edges. In Part II, we set out practical ways to make numerical models of forest-atmosphere more realistic, including by accounting for reconfiguration and realistic canopy structure and beginning to include more chemical and physical processes in turbulence resolving models. Future challenges include: (a) customizing numerical models to real study sites, (b) connecting space and time scales, and (c) incorporating a greater range of weather conditions in numerical models.

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真实森林与森林-大气交换模型
森林覆盖了地球陆地面积的近三分之一,并与大气交换质量、动量和能量。大多数关于这些交换的研究,特别是使用数值模型的研究,考虑的是结构已大大简化的森林。在许多情况下,这些简化是不现实的。不均匀的地形和不稳定的天气条件产生流体动力学特征,导致观测结果被不准确地解释、有偏差或过度概括。在第一部分中,我们讨论了在理解现实森林湍流交换方面的实验、理论和数值进展。在现实环境中,标量输运不一定跟随流动,这意味着标量量在斑块状森林周围很少处于平衡状态,而在森林山丘的背风处可能会形成显著的标量通量。间隙和斑块会产生重要的空间通量,而目前的模式和观测忽略了这一点。大气不稳定增加了森林边缘通量调整的距离。在落叶林中,斑块的影响因季节而异;与直觉相反的是,涡流深入到叶冠层(因为它们在空气动力学上更粗糙)。在斑驳的森林中,空气包裹的停留时间可能比均匀的森林要短得多,尤其是在边缘。在第二部分中,我们提出了使森林-大气数值模型更加真实的实际方法,包括考虑重构和真实的冠层结构,并开始在湍流解析模型中包括更多的化学和物理过程。未来的挑战包括:(a)根据实际研究地点定制数值模型,(b)连接空间和时间尺度,以及(c)在数值模型中纳入更大范围的天气条件。
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来源期刊
Reviews of Geophysics
Reviews of Geophysics 地学-地球化学与地球物理
CiteScore
50.30
自引率
0.80%
发文量
28
审稿时长
12 months
期刊介绍: Geophysics Reviews (ROG) offers comprehensive overviews and syntheses of current research across various domains of the Earth and space sciences. Our goal is to present accessible and engaging reviews that cater to the diverse AGU community. While authorship is typically by invitation, we warmly encourage readers and potential authors to share their suggestions with our editors.
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