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Global Land Subsidence: Impact of Climate Extremes and Human Activities 全球土地沉降:极端气候和人类活动的影响
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-11-02 DOI: 10.1029/2023RG000817
Laurie S. Huning, Charlotte A. Love, Hassan Anjileli, Farshid Vahedifard, Yunxia Zhao, Pedro L. B. Chaffe, Kevin Cooper, Aneseh Alborzi, Edward Pleitez, Alexandre Martinez, Samaneh Ashraf, Iman Mallakpour, Hamed Moftakhari, Amir AghaKouchak

Globally, land subsidence (LS) often adversely impacts infrastructure, humans, and the environment. As climate change intensifies the terrestrial hydrologic cycle and severity of climate extremes, the interplay among extremes (e.g., floods, droughts, wildfires, etc.), LS, and their effects must be better understood since LS can alter the impacts of extreme events, and extreme events can drive LS. Furthermore, several processes causing subsidence (e.g., ice-rich permafrost degradation, oxidation of organic matter) have been shown to also release greenhouse gases, accelerating climate change. Our review aims to synthesize these complex relationships, including human activities contributing to LS, and to identify the causes and rates of subsidence across diverse landscapes. We primarily focus on the era of synthetic aperture radar (SAR), which has significantly contributed to advancements in our understanding of ground deformations around the world. Ultimately, we identify gaps and opportunities to aid LS monitoring, mitigation, and adaptation strategies and guide interdisciplinary efforts to further our process-based understanding of subsidence and associated climate feedbacks. We highlight the need to incorporate the interplay of extreme events, LS, and human activities into models, risk and vulnerability assessments, and management practices to develop improved mitigation and adaptation strategies as the global climate warms. Without consideration of such interplay and/or feedback loops, we may underestimate the enhancement of climate change and acceleration of LS across many regions, leaving communities unprepared for their ramifications. Proactive and interdisciplinary efforts should be leveraged to develop strategies and policies that mitigate or reverse anthropogenic LS and climate change impacts.

在全球范围内,土地沉降(LS)通常会对基础设施、人类和环境造成不利影响。随着气候变化加剧了陆地水文循环和极端气候的严重程度,必须更好地了解极端气候(如洪水、干旱、野火等)、土地沉降及其影响之间的相互作用,因为土地沉降可改变极端事件的影响,而极端事件可推动土地沉降。此外,一些导致沉降的过程(如富含冰的永久冻土降解、有机物氧化)已被证明也会释放温室气体,加速气候变化。我们的综述旨在综合这些复杂的关系,包括导致LS的人类活动,并确定不同地貌沉降的原因和速率。我们主要关注合成孔径雷达(SAR)时代,它极大地促进了我们对世界各地地面变形的理解。最终,我们找出了差距和机遇,以帮助制定通量监测、减缓和适应战略,并指导跨学科工作,进一步加深我们对沉降和相关气候反馈的过程性理解。我们强调,随着全球气候变暖,有必要将极端事件、LS 和人类活动的相互作用纳入模型、风险和脆弱性评估以及管理实践中,以制定更好的减缓和适应战略。如果不考虑这种相互作用和/或反馈回路,我们可能会低估气候变化的加剧和许多地区LS的加速,使社区对其后果毫无准备。应利用积极主动的跨学科努力来制定战略和政策,以减轻或扭转人为 LS 和气候变化的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamics, Monitoring, and Forecasting of Tephra in the Atmosphere 大气中热碎屑的动力学、监测和预测
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1029/2023RG000808
F. Pardini, S. Barsotti, C. Bonadonna, M. de’ Michieli Vitturi, A. Folch, L. Mastin, S. Osores, A. T. Prata

Explosive volcanic eruptions inject hot mixtures of solid particles (tephra) and gasses into the atmosphere. Entraining ambient air, these mixtures can form plumes rising tens of kilometers until they spread laterally, forming umbrella clouds. While the largest clasts tend to settle in proximity to the volcano, the smallest fragments, commonly referred to as ash (≤2 mm in diameter), can be transported over long distances, forming volcanic clouds. Tephra plumes and clouds pose significant hazards to human society, affecting infrastructure, and human health through deposition on the ground or airborne suspension at low altitudes. Additionally, volcanic clouds are a threat to aviation, during both high-risk actions such as take-off and landing and at standard cruising altitudes. The ability to monitor and forecast tephra plumes and clouds is fundamental to mitigate the hazard associated with explosive eruptions. To that end, various monitoring techniques, ranging from ground-based instruments to sensors on-board satellites, and forecasting strategies, based on running numerical models to track the position of volcanic clouds, are efficiently employed. However, some limitations still exist, mainly due to the high unpredictability and variability of explosive eruptions, as well as the multiphase and complex nature of volcanic plumes. In the next decades, advances in monitoring and computational capabilities are expected to address these limitations and significantly improve the mitigation of the risk associated with tephra plumes and clouds.

爆炸性火山喷发会将固体颗粒(表土)和气体的高温混合物喷入大气层。这些混合物夹杂着周围的空气,会形成上升数十公里的烟羽,直至横向扩散,形成伞状云。最大的碎块往往沉降在火山附近,而最小的碎块,通常称为火山灰(直径≤2 毫米),可以被带到很远的地方,形成火山云。火山灰羽流和火山云会沉积在地面或悬浮在低空,对人类社会造成重大危害,影响基础设施和人类健康。此外,无论是在起飞和着陆等高风险行动中,还是在标准巡航高度上,火山云都对航空构成威胁。监测和预报火山灰羽流和火山云的能力对于减轻爆炸性喷发带来的危害至关重要。为此,从地面仪器到卫星上的传感器等各种监测技术,以及基于运行数字模型跟踪火山云位置的预报策略,都得到了有效利用。然而,仍然存在一些局限性,主要是由于爆炸性喷发的高度不可预测性和多变性,以及火山羽流的多相性和复杂性。在未来几十年中,监测和计算能力的进步有望解决这些局限性,并显著改善与火山灰羽流和火山云相关的风险缓解工作。
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引用次数: 0
Age of Stratospheric Air: Progress on Processes, Observations, and Long-Term Trends 平流层空气的年龄:过程、观测和长期趋势方面的进展
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1029/2023RG000832
H. Garny, F. Ploeger, M. Abalos, H. Bönisch, A. E. Castillo, T. von Clarmann, M. Diallo, A. Engel, J. C. Laube, M. Linz, J. L. Neu, A. Podglajen, E. Ray, L. Rivoire, L. N. Saunders, G. Stiller, F. Voet, T. Wagenhäuser, K. A. Walker

Age of stratospheric air is a well established metric for the stratospheric transport circulation. Rooted in a robust theoretical framework, this approach offers the benefit of being deducible from observations of trace gases. Given potential climate-induced changes, observational constraints on stratospheric circulation are crucial. In the past two decades, scientific progress has been made in three main areas: (a) Enhanced process understanding and the development of process diagnostics led to better quantification of individual transport processes from observations and to a better understanding of model deficits. (b) The global age of air climatology is now well constrained by observations thanks to improved quality and quantity of data, including global satellite data, and through improved and consistent age calculation methods. (c) It is well established and understood that global models predict a decrease in age, that is, an accelerating stratospheric circulation, in response to forcing by greenhouse gases and ozone depleting substances. Observational records now confirm long-term forced trends in mean age in the lower stratosphere. However, in the mid-stratosphere, uncertainties in observational records are too large to confirm or disprove the model predictions. Continuous monitoring of stratospheric trace gases and further improved methods to derive age from those tracers will be crucial to better constrain variability and long-term trends from observations. Future work on mean age as a metric for stratospheric transport will be important due to its potential to enhance the understanding of stratospheric composition changes, address climate model biases, and assess the impacts of proposed climate geoengineering methods.

平流层空气的年龄是平流层传输环流的一个公认指标。这种方法植根于一个强大的理论框架,其优点是可以从痕量气体观测中推导出来。鉴于气候可能引起的变化,对平流层环流的观测制约至关重要。在过去二十年中,主要在三个方面取得了科学进展:(a) 对过程的进一步了解和过程诊断的发展使观测结果更好地量化了各个传输过程,并使人们更好地了解了模型的不足之处。(b) 由于数据(包括全球卫星数据)质量和数量的提高,以及通过改进和一致的年 龄计算方法,全球空气气候学的年龄现在可以很好地受到观测数据的制约。(c) 全球模型预测,在温室气体和消耗臭氧层物质的作用下,气龄下降,即平流层环流加速,这一点已得到公认和理解。现在的观测记录证实了平流层下层平均年龄的长期强迫趋势。然而,在平流层中层,观测记录的不确定性太大,无法证实或推翻模式预测。对平流层痕量气体进行持续监测,并进一步改进从这些示踪剂中得出年龄的方法,对于更好地制约观测结果的变异性和长期趋势至关重要。未来关于平均年龄作为平流层迁移指标的工作将非常重要,因为它有可能加强对平流层成分变化的了解,解决气候模型偏差问题,并评估拟议的气候地球工程方法的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Managing Induced Seismicity Risks From Enhanced Geothermal Systems: A Good Practice Guideline 管理强化地热系统的诱发地震风险:良好做法指南
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1029/2024RG000849
Wen Zhou, Federica Lanza, Iason Grigoratos, Ryan Schultz, Julia Cousse, Evelina Trutnevyte, Annemarie Muntendam-Bos, Stefan Wiemer

Geothermal energy is a green source of power that could play an important role in climate-conscious energy portfolios; enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) have the potential to scale up exploitation of thermal resources. During hydraulic fracturing, fluids injected under high-pressure cause the rock mass to fail, stimulating fractures that improve fluid connectivity. However, this increase of pore fluid pressure can also reactivate pre-existing fault systems, potentially inducing earthquakes of significant size. Induced earthquakes are a significant concern for EGS operations. In some cases, ground shaking nuisance, building damages, or injuries have spurred the early termination of projects (e.g., Basel, Pohang). On the other hand, EGS operations at Soultz-sous-Forêts (France), Helsinki (Finland), Blue Mountain (Nevada, USA), and Utah FORGE (USA) have adequately managed induced earthquake risks. The success of an EGS operation depends on economical reservoir enhancements, while maintaining acceptable seismic risk levels. This requires state-of-the-art seismic risk management. This article reviews domains of seismology, earthquake engineering, risk management, and communication. We then synthesize “good practice” recommendations for evaluating, mitigating, and communicating the risk of induced seismicity. We advocate for a modular approach. Recommendations are provided for key technical aspects including (a) a seismic risk management framework, (b) seismic risk pre-screening, (c) comprehensive seismic hazard and risk evaluation, (d) traffic light protocol designs, (e) seismic monitoring implementation, and (f) step-by-step communication plans. Our recommendations adhere to regulatory best practices, to ensure their general applicability. Our guidelines provide a template for effective earthquake risk management and future research directions.

地热能是一种绿色能源,可在注重气候的能源组合中发挥重要作用;增强型地热系统(EGS)具有扩大热资源开采规模的潜力。在水力压裂过程中,高压注入的流体会导致岩体破裂,从而刺激裂缝,提高流体的连通性。然而,孔隙流体压力的增加也会重新激活原有的断层系统,从而可能诱发规模巨大的地震。诱发地震是 EGS 业务的一个重大问题。在某些情况下,地震动扰民、建筑物损坏或人员伤亡导致项目提前终止(如巴塞尔、浦项)。另一方面,Soultz-sous-Forêts(法国)、赫尔辛基(芬兰)、蓝山(美国内华达州)和犹他州 FORGE(美国)的 EGS 项目已充分控制了诱发地震的风险。EGS 项目的成功取决于在保持可接受的地震风险水平的同时,经济地提高储层的储量。这需要最先进的地震风险管理。本文回顾了地震学、地震工程、风险管理和交流等领域。然后,我们总结了评估、减轻和交流诱发地震风险的 "良好实践 "建议。我们主张采用模块化方法。关键技术方面的建议包括:(a) 地震风险管理框架,(b) 地震风险预筛查,(c) 综合地震危害和风险评估,(d) 交通灯协议设计,(e) 地震监测实施,以及 (f) 分步沟通计划。我们的建议遵循监管方面的最佳实践,以确保其普遍适用性。我们的指导方针为有效的地震风险管理和未来的研究方向提供了模板。
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引用次数: 0
Multi-Scale Soil Salinization Dynamics From Global to Pore Scale: A Review 从全球到孔隙尺度的多尺度土壤盐碱化动力学:综述
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1029/2023RG000804
Nima Shokri, Amirhossein Hassani, Muhammad Sahimi

Soil salinization refers to the accumulation of water-soluble salts in the upper part of the soil profile. Excessive levels of soil salinity affects crop production, soil health, and ecosystem functioning. This phenomenon threatens agriculture, food security, soil stability, and fertility leading to land degradation and loss of essential soil ecosystem services that are fundamental to sustaining life. In this review, we synthesize recent advances in soil salinization at various spatial and temporal scales, ranging from global to core, pore, and molecular scales, offering new insights and presenting our perspective on potential future research directions to address key challenges and open questions related to soil salinization. Globally, we identify significant challenges in understanding soil salinity, which are (a) the considerable uncertainty in estimating the total area of salt-affected soils, (b) geographical bias in ground-based measurements of soil salinity, and (c) lack of information and data detailing secondary salinization processes, both in dry- and wetlands, particularly concerning responses to climate change. At the core scale, the impact of salt precipitation with evolving porous structure on the evaporative fluxes from porous media is not fully understood. This knowledge is crucial for accurately predicting soil water loss due to evaporation. Additionally, the effects of transport properties of porous media, such as mixed wettability conditions, on the saline water evaporation and the resulting salt precipitation patterns remain unclear. Furthermore, effective continuum equations must be developed to accurately represent experimental data and pore-scale numerical simulations.

土壤盐碱化是指水溶性盐分在土壤剖面上部的积累。土壤盐分含量过高会影响作物产量、土壤健康和生态系统功能。这一现象威胁着农业、粮食安全、土壤稳定性和肥力,导致土地退化和丧失维持生命的基本土壤生态系统服务。在这篇综述中,我们综合了从全球到核心、孔隙和分子等不同时空尺度的土壤盐碱化研究最新进展,提出了新的见解,并介绍了我们对未来潜在研究方向的看法,以应对与土壤盐碱化相关的关键挑战和未决问题。在全球范围内,我们发现了在了解土壤盐碱化方面存在的重大挑战,即:(a)在估算受盐碱影响土壤的总面积方面存在相当大的不确定性;(b)基于地面的土壤盐碱化测量存在地理偏差;以及(c)缺乏有关干旱地区和湿地次生盐碱化过程的详细信息和数据,特别是有关对气候变化的响应的信息和数据。在核心尺度上,盐沉淀与不断变化的多孔结构对多孔介质蒸发通量的影响尚不完全清楚。这些知识对于准确预测土壤水分蒸发损失至关重要。此外,多孔介质的传输特性(如混合润湿条件)对盐水蒸发和由此产生的盐沉淀模式的影响仍不清楚。此外,还必须建立有效的连续方程,以准确表示实验数据和孔隙尺度数值模拟。
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引用次数: 0
Synthetic Aperture Radar for Geosciences 用于地球科学的合成孔径雷达
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1029/2023RG000821
Lingsheng Meng, Chi Yan, Suna Lv, Haiyang Sun, Sihan Xue, Quankun Li, Lingfeng Zhou, Deanna Edwing, Kelsea Edwing, Xupu Geng, Yiren Wang, Xiao-Hai Yan

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) has emerged as a pivotal technology in geosciences, offering unparalleled insights into Earth's surface. Indeed, its ability to provide high-resolution, all-weather, and day-night imaging has revolutionized our understanding of various geophysical processes. Recent advancements in SAR technology, that is, developing new satellite missions, enhancing signal processing techniques, and integrating machine learning algorithms, have significantly broadened the scope and depth of geosciences. Therefore, it is essential to summarize SAR's comprehensive applications for geosciences, especially emphasizing recent advancements in SAR technologies and applications. Moreover, current SAR-related review papers have primarily focused on SAR technology or SAR imaging and data processing techniques. Hence, a review that integrates SAR technology with geophysical features is needed to highlight the significance of SAR in addressing challenges in geosciences, as well as to explore SAR's potential in solving complex geoscience problems. Spurred by these requirements, this review comprehensively and in-depth reviews SAR applications for geosciences, broadly including various aspects in air-sea dynamics, oceanography, geography, disaster and hazard monitoring, climate change, and geosciences data fusion. For each applied field, the scientific advancements produced because of SAR are demonstrated by combining the SAR techniques with characteristics of geophysical phenomena and processes. Further outlooks are also explored, such as integrating SAR data with other geophysical data and conducting interdisciplinary research to offer comprehensive insights into geosciences. With the support of deep learning, this synergy will enhance the capability to model, simulate, and forecast geophysical phenomena with greater accuracy and reliability.

合成孔径雷达(SAR)已成为地球科学领域的一项关键技术,可提供对地球表面无与伦比的洞察力。事实上,合成孔径雷达提供高分辨率、全天候和昼夜成像的能力彻底改变了我们对各种地球物理过程的认识。合成孔径雷达技术的最新进展,即开发新的卫星任务、增强信号处理技术和整合机器学习算法,大大拓宽了地球科学的广度和深度。因此,有必要总结合成孔径雷达在地球科学领域的综合应用,特别是强调合成孔径雷达技术和应用的最新进展。此外,目前与合成孔径雷达相关的综述论文主要侧重于合成孔径雷达技术或合成孔径雷达成像和数据处理技术。因此,需要一篇将合成孔径雷达技术与地球物理特征相结合的综述,以突出合成孔径雷达在应对地球科学挑战方面的重要意义,并探索合成孔径雷达在解决复杂地球科学问题方面的潜力。在这些要求的推动下,本综述全面深入地回顾了合成孔径雷达在地球科学领域的应用,广泛包括海气动力学、海洋学、地理学、灾害和危险监测、气候变化以及地球科学数据融合等各个方面。在每个应用领域,通过将合成孔径雷达技术与地球物理现象和过程的特征相结合,展示了合成孔径雷达带来的科学进步。此外,还探讨了进一步的展望,例如将合成孔径雷达数据与其他地球物理数据进行整合,以及开展跨学科研究以提供对地球科学的全面见解。在深度学习的支持下,这种协同作用将增强对地球物理现象进行建模、模拟和预测的能力,并提高其准确性和可靠性。
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引用次数: 0
Developing, Testing, and Communicating Earthquake Forecasts: Current Practices and Future Directions 开发、测试和传播地震预报:当前实践与未来方向
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1029/2023RG000823
Leila Mizrahi, Irina Dallo, Nicholas J. van der Elst, Annemarie Christophersen, Ilaria Spassiani, Maximilian J. Werner, Pablo Iturrieta, José A. Bayona, Iunio Iervolino, Max Schneider, Morgan T. Page, Jiancang Zhuang, Marcus Herrmann, Andrew J. Michael, Giuseppe Falcone, Warner Marzocchi, David Rhoades, Matt Gerstenberger, Laura Gulia, Danijel Schorlemmer, Julia Becker, Marta Han, Lorena Kuratle, Michèle Marti, Stefan Wiemer

While deterministically predicting the time and location of earthquakes remains impossible, earthquake forecasting models can provide estimates of the probabilities of earthquakes occurring within some region over time. To enable informed decision-making of civil protection, governmental agencies, or the public, Operational Earthquake Forecasting (OEF) systems aim to provide authoritative earthquake forecasts based on current earthquake activity in near-real time. Establishing OEF systems involves several nontrivial choices. This review captures the current state of OEF worldwide and analyzes expert recommendations on the development, testing, and communication of earthquake forecasts. An introductory summary of OEF-related research is followed by a description of OEF systems in Italy, New Zealand, and the United States. Combined, these two parts provide an informative and transparent snapshot of today's OEF landscape. In Section 4, we analyze the results of an expert elicitation that was conducted to seek guidance for the establishment of OEF systems. The elicitation identifies consensus and dissent on OEF issues among a non-representative group of 20 international earthquake forecasting experts. While the experts agree that communication products should be developed in collaboration with the forecast user groups, they disagree on whether forecasting models and testing methods should be user-dependent. No recommendations of strict model requirements could be elicited, but benchmark comparisons, prospective testing, reproducibility, and transparency are encouraged. Section 5 gives an outlook on the future of OEF. Besides covering recent research on earthquake forecasting model development and testing, upcoming OEF initiatives are described in the context of the expert elicitation findings.

虽然要确定性地预测地震发生的时间和地点仍然是不可能的,但地震预报模型可以提供一段时间内某些地区发生地震的概率估计。为了使民防、政府机构或公众能够做出明智的决策,地震业务预报(OEF)系统旨在根据当前的地震活动,近乎实时地提供权威的地震预报。建立 OEF 系统涉及到几个非同小可的选择。本综述介绍了全球 OEF 的现状,并分析了专家对地震预报的开发、测试和传播提出的建议。在对 OEF 相关研究进行介绍性总结之后,将对意大利、新西兰和美国的 OEF 系统进行描述。这两部分结合在一起,为当今的 OEF 状况提供了一个信息丰富且透明的缩影。在第 4 部分,我们分析了专家征询的结果,专家征询的目的是为建立 OEF 系统寻求指导。这次专家征询在由 20 位国际地震预报专家组成的非代表性小组中就 OEF 问题达成了共识和分歧。专家们一致认为,应与预报用户群体合作开发通信产品,但在预报模型和测试方法是否应取决于用户的问题上存在分歧。没有提出严格的模型要求建议,但鼓励进行基准比较、前瞻性测试、可重复性和透明度。第 5 节对 OEF 的未来进行了展望。除了介绍地震预报模型开发和测试方面的最新研究外,还结合专家征询的结果介绍了即将开展的 OEF 计划。
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引用次数: 0
Closing the Loops on Southern Ocean Dynamics: From the Circumpolar Current to Ice Shelves and From Bottom Mixing to Surface Waves 南大洋动力学的闭环:从环极洋流到冰架,从海底混合到表面波
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.1029/2022RG000781
Luke G. Bennetts, Callum J. Shakespeare, Catherine A. Vreugdenhil, Annie Foppert, Bishakhdatta Gayen, Amelie Meyer, Adele K. Morrison, Laurie Padman, Helen E. Phillips, Craig L. Stevens, Alessandro Toffoli, Navid C. Constantinou, Jesse M. Cusack, Ajitha Cyriac, Edward W. Doddridge, Matthew H. England, D. Gwyn Evans, Petra Heil, Andrew McC. Hogg, Ryan M. Holmes, Wilma G. C. Huneke, Nicole L. Jones, Shane R. Keating, Andrew E. Kiss, Noa Kraitzman, Alena Malyarenko, Craig D. McConnochie, Alberto Meucci, Fabien Montiel, Julia Neme, Maxim Nikurashin, Ramkrushnbhai S. Patel, Jen-Ping Peng, Matthew Rayson, Madelaine G. Rosevear, Taimoor Sohail, Paul Spence, Geoffrey J. Stanley

A holistic review is given of the Southern Ocean dynamic system, in the context of the crucial role it plays in the global climate and the profound changes it is experiencing. The review focuses on connections between different components of the Southern Ocean dynamic system, drawing together contemporary perspectives from different research communities, with the objective of closing loops in our understanding of the complex network of feedbacks in the overall system. The review is targeted at researchers in Southern Ocean physical science with the ambition of broadening their knowledge beyond their specific field, and aims at facilitating better-informed interdisciplinary collaborations. For the purposes of this review, the Southern Ocean dynamic system is divided into four main components: large-scale circulation; cryosphere; turbulence; and gravity waves. Overviews are given of the key dynamical phenomena for each component, before describing the linkages between the components. The reviews are complemented by an overview of observed Southern Ocean trends and future climate projections. Priority research areas are identified to close remaining loops in our understanding of the Southern Ocean system.

本文结合南大洋动力系统在全球气候中发挥的关键作用及其正在经历的深刻变化,对南大洋动力系统进行了全面评述。综述的重点是南大洋动力系统不同组成部分之间的联系,汇集了不同研究界的当代观点,目的是在我们对整个系统复杂的反馈网络的理解上形成闭环。本综述以南大洋物理科学研究人员为对象,旨在拓宽他们的知识面,使其超越各自的特定领域,并促进在更知情的情况下开展跨学科合作。本综述将南大洋动力系统分为四个主要部分:大尺度环流、冰冻圈、湍流和重力波。在介绍各组成部分之间的联系之前,概述了每个组成部分的主要动态现象。此外,还概述了观测到的南大洋趋势和未来气候预测。确定了优先研究领域,以弥补我们在了解南大洋系统方面仍然存在的漏洞。
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引用次数: 0
Soil Moisture Memory: State-Of-The-Art and the Way Forward 土壤水分记忆:最新技术与前进方向
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.1029/2023RG000828
Mehdi Rahmati, Wulf Amelung, Cosimo Brogi, Jacopo Dari, Alessia Flammini, Heye Bogena, Luca Brocca, Hao Chen, Jannis Groh, Randal D. Koster, Kaighin A. McColl, Carsten Montzka, Shirin Moradi, Arash Rahi, Farnaz Sharghi S., Harry Vereecken

Soil moisture is an essential climate variable of the Earth system. Understanding its spatiotemporal dynamics is essential for predicting weather patterns and climate variability, monitoring and mitigating the effects and occurrence of droughts and floods, improving irrigation in agricultural areas, and sustainably managing water resources. Here we review in depth how soils can remember information on soil moisture anomalies over time, as embedded in the concept of soil moisture memory (SMM). We explain the mechanisms underlying SMM and explore its external and internal drivers; we also discuss the impacts of SMM on different land surface processes, focusing on soil-plant-atmosphere coupling. We explore the spatiotemporal variability, seasonality, locality, and depth-dependence of SMM and provide insights into both improving its characterization in land surface models and using satellite observations to quantify it. Finally, we offer guidance for further research on SMM.

土壤水分是地球系统的一个重要气候变量。了解土壤水分的时空动态对于预测天气模式和气候多变性、监测和减轻干旱和洪水的影响和发生、改善农业灌溉以及可持续地管理水资源至关重要。在此,我们深入探讨了土壤湿度记忆(SMM)概念所蕴含的土壤如何记忆土壤湿度异常的时间信息。我们解释了土壤水分记忆的基本机制,并探讨了其外部和内部驱动因素;我们还讨论了土壤水分记忆对不同地表过程的影响,重点是土壤-植物-大气耦合。我们探讨了 SMM 的时空变异性、季节性、地域性和深度依赖性,并就改进陆表模式的特征描述和利用卫星观测来量化 SMM 提出了见解。最后,我们为进一步研究 SMM 提供指导。
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引用次数: 0
Advances in Mapping Lowermost Mantle Convective Flow With Seismic Anisotropy Observations 利用地震各向异性观测绘制最下部地幔对流图的进展
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.1029/2023RG000833
Jonathan Wolf, Mingming Li, Maureen D. Long, Edward Garnero

Convective flow in the deep mantle controls Earth's dynamic evolution, influences plate tectonics, and has shaped Earth's current surface features. Present and past convection-induced deformation manifests itself in seismic anisotropy, which is particularly strong in the mantle's uppermost and lowermost portions. While the general patterns of seismic anisotropy have been mapped for the upper mantle, anisotropy in the lowermost mantle (called D′′) is at an earlier stage of exploration. Here we review recent progress in methods to measure and interpret D′′ anisotropy. Our understanding of the limitations of existing methods and the development of new measurement strategies have been aided enormously by the availability of high-performance computing resources. We give an overview of how measurements of seismic anisotropy can help constrain the mineralogy and fabric of the deep mantle. Specifically, new and creative strategies that combine multiple types of observations provide much tighter constraints on the geometry of anisotropy than have previously been possible. We also discuss how deep mantle seismic anisotropy provides insights into lowermost mantle dynamics. We summarize what we have learned so far from measurements of D′′ anisotropy, how inferences of lowermost mantle flow from measurements of seismic anisotropy relate to geodynamic models of mantle flow, and what challenges we face going forward. Finally, we discuss some of the important unsolved problems related to the dynamics of the lowermost mantle that can be elucidated in the future by combining observations of seismic anisotropy with geodynamic predictions of lowermost mantle flow.

地幔深处的对流控制着地球的动态演化,影响着板块构造,并塑造了地球目前的地表特征。目前和过去对流引起的形变表现为地震各向异性,在地幔的最上层和最下层尤为明显。虽然已经绘制了上地幔地震各向异性的一般模式图,但最下层地幔的各向异性(称为 D′′)还处于探索的早期阶段。在此,我们回顾了在测量和解释 D′′各向异性方法方面的最新进展。我们对现有方法局限性的理解和新测量策略的开发都得益于高性能计算资源的可用性。我们将概述地震各向异性测量如何帮助约束深地幔的矿物学和结构。具体来说,结合多种类型观测的新颖策略对各向异性的几何形状提供了比以往更为严格的约束。我们还讨论了深地幔地震各向异性如何深入了解最底层地幔动力学。我们总结了迄今为止我们从 D′′ 各向异性测量中了解到的情况,从地震各向异性测量中推断最底层地幔流动与地幔流动地球动力学模型之间的关系,以及我们未来面临的挑战。最后,我们讨论了与最下地幔动力学有关的一些尚未解决的重要问题,这些问题可以在未来通过将地震各向异性观测与最下地幔流动的地球动力学预测结合起来加以阐明。
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引用次数: 0
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Reviews of Geophysics
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