Cumulative Effects of Human Developments on Arctic Wildlife

IF 4.3 1区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Wildlife Monographs Pub Date : 2010-12-13 DOI:10.2193/0084-0173(2005)160[1:CEOHDO]2.0.CO;2
CHRIS J. JOHNSON, MARK S. BOYCE, RAY L. CASE, H. DEAN CLUFF, ROBERT J. GAU, ANNE GUNN, ROBERT MULDERS
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引用次数: 207

Abstract

Abstract: Recent discoveries of diamondiferous kimberlite deposits in the Canadian central Arctic led to unprecedented levels of mineral exploration and development. The cumulative effects of such activities are an issue of concern for government regulatory agencies, regional and international conservation organizations, wildlife managers, and indigenous peoples. We investigated the impacts of human activities and associated infrastructure on the distribution of Arctic wildlife in 190,000 km2 of the Taiga Shield and Southern Arctic ecozones 400 km northeast of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada.

We used covariates for vegetation, interspecific interactions, and human disturbance features to develop seasonal resource-selection models for barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus), gray wolves (Canis lupus), grizzly bears (Ursus arctos), and wolverines (Gulo gulo). We used an information-theoretic approach to select 11 seasonal models for the 4 species. Nine models were good predictors of species occurrence and vegetation covariates were important components of all models. Mines and other major developments had the largest negative affect on species occurrence, followed by exploration activities, and outfitter camps. We did not, however, record strong avoidance responses by all species during all seasons to each disturbance type (i.e., major developments, mineral exploration sites, outfitter camps) and for some models carnivores selected for disturbance features (i.e., occurred closer to sites than comparison random locations). We used a geographic information system (GIS) to extrapolate each seasonal resource-selection model to the study area and quantified the reduction in habitat effectiveness as a function of modeled and hypothetical disturbance coefficients. Across all models, grizzly bears and wolves demonstrated the strongest negative response to disturbance and corresponding reduction in habitat effectiveness, followed by caribou and wolverines. The largest seasonal effect was recorded for caribou during the post-calving period, where model coefficients suggested a 37% reduction in the area of the highest quality habitats and an 84% increase in the area of the lowest quality habitats.

This is the first study to demonstrate the cumulative effects of multiple sources of human disturbance for caribou, wolves, bears, and wolverines found across the Canadian central Arctic. Resource selection models and corresponding maps of important habitats can be used to guide and evaluate future development proposals and can serve as a component of a regional environmental assessment. However, inferences from large-scale modeling efforts should be carefully evaluated when making detailed prescriptive recommendations. Study design, sample size, reliability of GIS data, and accuracy of model predictions are important considerations when evaluating the strength and scale of inference of correlative resource selection studies such as this. We recommend that regional cumulative effects analyses serve as the coarsest framework for understanding the impacts of human developments on wide-ranging animals. Monitoring and research should be conducted at various behavioral scales leading to a body of knowledge that fully describes the range and strength of impacts resulting from cumulative effects.

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人类发展对北极野生动物的累积影响
摘要:最近在加拿大北极中部发现了含金刚石金伯利岩矿床,导致了前所未有的矿产勘探和开发水平。这些活动的累积影响是政府管理机构、区域和国际保护组织、野生动物管理人员和土著人民关注的一个问题。研究了人类活动和相关基础设施对加拿大西北地区耶洛奈夫东北400公里处19万平方公里的针叶林保护地和南北极生态区的北极野生动物分布的影响。我们利用植被、种间相互作用和人为干扰特征的共变量建立了贫瘠地驯鹿(Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus)、灰狼(Canis lupus)、灰熊(Ursus arctos)和狼獾(Gulo Gulo)的季节性资源选择模型。采用信息论方法对4种植物进行了11个季节模型的筛选。9个模型均能较好地预测物种发生,植被协变量是所有模型的重要组成部分。矿山和其他重大发展对物种发生的负面影响最大,其次是勘探活动和露营地。然而,我们没有记录到所有物种在所有季节对每种干扰类型(即主要开发,矿产勘探地点,露营营地)的强烈回避反应,并且对于某些模型,根据干扰特征选择的食肉动物(即发生在比比较随机地点更接近地点的地方)。我们利用地理信息系统(GIS)将每个季节资源选择模型外推到研究区域,并将栖息地有效性的降低量化为模型和假设干扰系数的函数。在所有模型中,灰熊和狼对干扰和相应的栖息地有效性降低表现出最强烈的负面反应,其次是北美驯鹿和狼獾。对驯鹿来说,最大的季节性影响记录在产犊后时期,模型系数表明,最高质量栖息地的面积减少了37%,最低质量栖息地的面积增加了84%。这是第一个证明人类干扰的多种来源对加拿大中部北极地区的驯鹿、狼、熊和狼獾的累积影响的研究。资源选择模型和相应的重要生境地图可用于指导和评价未来的发展建议,并可作为区域环境评价的组成部分。然而,在做出详细的规定性建议时,应该仔细评估大规模建模工作的推论。研究设计、样本量、GIS数据的可靠性和模型预测的准确性是评估此类相关资源选择研究的推断强度和规模时的重要考虑因素。我们建议将区域累积效应分析作为了解人类发展对大范围动物影响的最粗略框架。应在各种行为尺度上进行监测和研究,从而形成一套知识体系,充分描述累积效应造成的影响的范围和强度。
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来源期刊
Wildlife Monographs
Wildlife Monographs 生物-动物学
CiteScore
9.10
自引率
0.00%
发文量
3
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: Wildlife Monographs supplements The Journal of Wildlife Management with focused investigations in the area of the management and conservation of wildlife. Abstracting and Indexing Information Academic Search Alumni Edition (EBSCO Publishing) Agricultural & Environmental Science Database (ProQuest) Biological Science Database (ProQuest) CAB Abstracts® (CABI) Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Database (ProQuest) Global Health (CABI) Grasslands & Forage Abstracts (CABI) Helminthological Abstracts (CABI) Natural Science Collection (ProQuest) Poultry Abstracts (CABI) ProQuest Central (ProQuest) ProQuest Central K-543 Research Library (ProQuest) Research Library Prep (ProQuest) SciTech Premium Collection (ProQuest) Soils & Fertilizers Abstracts (CABI) Veterinary Bulletin (CABI)
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