Roles of miR-1, miR-133a, and miR-206 in calcium, oxidative stress, and NO signaling involved in muscle diseases

Abstract

MiR-1, miR-133a, and miR-206 are abundantly expressed in skeletal muscle and regulate the post-transcriptional expression of target genes. These miRNAs are upregulated in sera of DMD, BMD, LGMD, and FSHD patients, as well as mdx mice and CXMDj dogs, suggesting that the serum miRNAs may substitute for CK levels as be novel biomarkers for muscle disorders. These miRNAs are released into the extracellular environment in  vesicular structures called exosomes, by mechanisms that are regulated by calcium, oxidative stress, and NO signaling. In this review, we will highlight the relationship between calcium, oxidative stress, and NO signaling and the release of miRNAs via exosomes as well as discuss the functions of these miRNAs.