Genetic approach in personalized medicine in type 2 diabetes

A. Coppola, F. Pacifici, D. Pastore, D. Della-Morte, D. Lauro, G. Donadel
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Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia commonly associated with insulin resistance at high risk of renal, neurological and cardiovascular complications. It is defined as a multifactorial etiology disease where genetic predisposition and lifestyle play an important role in pathophysiology and onset. Recently, genome wide association studies (GWAS) have been widely used to identify deregulated expression of T2DM related genes and genetic risk factors that can contribute, together with environmental and behavior factors, to T2DM onset. Since its dual feature, anti-diabetic effective therapy need to acknowledge the genetic contribution to T2DM pathophysiology. The pharmacological treatment of T2DM depends on blood glucose levels and/or glycated hemoglobin (HbAc1): well-compensated patients with normal HbA1c levels are, generally, treated with oral hypoglycemic drugs, such as metformin, associated with a diet that limits carbohydrate intake. Conversely, the uncompensated patient, with high levels of HbAc1 is generally treated with insulin or other new generation drugs or a combination of them. Given the multifactorial nature of T2DM, recent studies have identified personalized therapy as a powerful means to refine the effectiveness of the therapy itself, paving the way for precision medicine.
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2型糖尿病个体化治疗的遗传方法
2型糖尿病(T2DM)是一种以高血糖为特征的慢性代谢性疾病,通常与胰岛素抵抗相关,伴有肾脏、神经系统和心血管并发症的高风险。它被定义为一种多因素病因疾病,遗传易感性和生活方式在病理生理和发病中起重要作用。近年来,全基因组关联研究(GWAS)被广泛用于鉴定T2DM相关基因和遗传风险因素的失调控表达,以及环境和行为因素对T2DM发病的影响。由于其双重特征,有效的抗糖尿病治疗需要认识到遗传对2型糖尿病病理生理的贡献。2型糖尿病的药物治疗取决于血糖水平和/或糖化血红蛋白(HbAc1):正常糖化血红蛋白水平的补偿良好的患者通常使用口服降糖药治疗,如二甲双胍,并结合限制碳水化合物摄入的饮食。相反,HbAc1水平高的无代偿患者通常使用胰岛素或其他新一代药物或它们的组合治疗。鉴于2型糖尿病的多因素性质,最近的研究已经确定个性化治疗是一种强有力的手段,可以提高治疗本身的有效性,为精准医疗铺平道路。
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