Esquemas desadaptativos tempranos y ansiedad en escolares de México

Abstract

espanolEl objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la relacion entre la presencia de esquemas desadaptativos tempranos –incluyendo privacion emocional, abandono, defectuosidad, aislamiento social, fracaso, vulnerabilidad, insuficiente autocontrol, grandiosidad, busqueda de aprobacion, subyugacion, inhibicion emocional, negatividad y estandares irreales– y el nivel de ansiedad total, ansiedad de separacion, fobia social, panico-somatizacion y ansiedad general en la infancia. Los participantes fueron 234 ninos entre 8 y 13 anos de edad (M = 9.78; DT = 1.20; 59.82% era ninas), pertenecientes a dos centros educativos publicos de la Ciudad de Mexico. Los resultados indicaron que no hubo diferencias significativas por sexo en los niveles de ansiedad, excepto en panico-somatizacion; las ninas presentaron mayor nivel que los ninos. Todos los esquemas desadaptativos estudiados correlacionaron positiva y significativamente con el nivel de ansiedad total. Los ninos que presentaban esquemas como defectuosidad, abandono, vulnerabilidad a catastrofes extremas, inhibicion emocional y negatividad tendieron a presentar mayor ansiedad por separacion. Ademas, los ninos que presentaban el esquema de vulnerabilidad a catastrofes extremas mostraron mayor fobia social y los que presentaron los esquemas de abandono e inhibicion emocional presentaron mayor panico-somatizacion. Los ninos que presentaban los esquemas de abandono y vulnerabilidad a catastrofes extremas presentaron mayor ansiedad general. Asimismo, el modelo de regresion lineal indico que los esquemas que predicen el 54.8% de la varianza de la ansiedad total fueron: vulnerabilidad a catastrofes extremas, inhibicion emocional, abandono y defectuosidad. Estos resultados aportan informacion relevante para el desarrollo de programas de prevencion e intervencion de la ansiedad infantil EnglishThe relationship between the presence of early maladaptive schemas (emotional deprivation, abandonment, malfunction, social isolation, failure, vulnerability, insufficient self-control, grandiosity, search for approval, subjugation, emotional inhibition, negativity and unrealistic standards) and the level of total anxiety, separation anxiety, social phobia, panic-somatization and general anxiety in children was analyzed. Participants were 234 children from 8 to 13 years of age (M = 9.78, SD = 1,20, 59.82% were girls), belonging to two public elementary schools in Mexico City. The study indicated that there were no significant differences by sex in anxiety levels; except for panic-somatization; girls presented higher levels than boys. Also, it was found that all the schemas mentioned before correlated positively and significantly with the level of total anxiety. In addition, the children who presented the schemas of malfunction, abandonment, vulnerability to extreme catastrophes, emotional inhibition and negativity, showed higher levels of separation anxiety. The children that presented the schema vulnerability to extreme catastrophes, showed higher levels of social phobia and the children that presented the schemas of abandonment and emotional inhibition, showed higher levels of panic-somatization. Children who presented the schemas of abandonment and vulnerability to extreme catastrophes showed higher levels of general anxiety. Also, the linear regression model indicated that the schemas that predict 54.8% of the variance of the total anxiety were: vulnerability to extreme catastrophes, emotional inhibition, abandonment and malfunction. These results provide relevant information for the development of prevention and intervention programs for childhood anxiety.