INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURES RISE OVER 48-YEARS ON SULAYMANIYAH AGROECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE AND NEMATODES DISTRIBUTION USING GIS APPLICATION

Abstract

From a studied to collect data for temperature degrees during 1973 until 2019 there is clear evidence that show climate change is happening in our region. The collected data showed that the average annual temperature rate has raised by almost 1.3°C, the average of warmest year for this period was recorded in 2010 and it was 21.55°C. In 2016, average temperature degree was high 20.3°C as the global worm rising the lowest temperature in this period was 16.2°C recorded in 1992. Since 1973 until 1985 the average temperature was 18.39°C and since 1986 until 1998 the average temperature raised to 18.79°C, then since 1999 until 2010 the average temperature raised again to 19.93°C but in period 2011 to 2018 the average temperature raised to 20.09°C. The difference between warmest monthly average temperatures and the coldest month of the year or annual range in 1988 was the highest and valued 31.9°C while in year 1973 was the lowest (19.6°C) but the rate for the period 1973 to 2018 was 27.9°C. The absolute annual temperature range or differences between the maximum absolute temperature and the minimum absolute temperature during a year was obvious like in 1973 was the highest (53°C) and in 1987 was the lowest (35°C). Diurnal temperature variation or the daily difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures was limited in winter months almost recorded 6 9°C, but in summer months the ranges is bigger almost reported 15 18°C. Over these years specially from (2008 -2019) soils that affected with plant pathogenic nematodes increased dramatically in the study area witch was within 10 km 2 because of rising temperatures degrees and need to use greenhouses instead of open field cultivation, these greenhouses numbers influencing on agroecosystem structure for a long terms. From this investigation, and to control plant pathogenic nematodes in the infested greenhouses, farmers used kinds of chemical pesticides that cause damages to the soils and the yields as well as changing agroecosystem structure. Agroecosystem structure for the study area has been changed relatively because of increasing the numbers of greenhouses that got almost 7000 greenhouse causing imbalance in agroecosystem by using a huge amount of water (125 m 3 /greenhouse).