H. Shahzad, A. Sattar, Ayesha Irum, S. Ullah, Mohsin Ali, Aniqa Mubeen, K. Fatima, Sehrish Jamil, Rahina Kausar, I. Hussain
Nutritional degradation of soil is an alarming issue of present agriculture due to extensive farming to overcome food security. A field experiment was conducted during rabi season 2021- 22 at the research area of Arid Zone Research Centre (AZRC), Dera Ismail Khan to assess the efficiency of two types of mulches (farm manure (FM) and wheat straw (WS) to conserve soil nutrient capacity with improving wheat yield. Wheat variety “AARI-2011” was sown @ 150 kg/ ha and fertilizers were applied @ 120-90-60 kg/ha of NPK using Randomized Complete Block Design. The soil was sampled from 0-60 cm depth after the wheat crop harvesting and was examined for soil NO3 -1 nitrogen, available P and extractable K. Wheat straw and grain yields were taken at maturity showing significant improvement with increasing mulch application. Plant grain samples were also analyzed for nutrient (N, P and K) concentrations. The data were statistically analyzed using the ANOVA technique and the means of the treatments were compared using HSD (Tuckey’s) test with 5% significance. An eloquent increase in nutritional components NO3 -1, P and K of the top 30 cm soil layer and crop grain was observed. It was concluded that the application of organic wastes as soil cover not only conserves soil but also enhances its productivity. Therefore, it is recommended to use mulching materials to conserve soil and enhance productivity.
{"title":"ORGANIC MULCHING TO CONSERVE SOIL NUTRITIONAL QUALITY AND ENHANCE WHEAT YIELD","authors":"H. Shahzad, A. Sattar, Ayesha Irum, S. Ullah, Mohsin Ali, Aniqa Mubeen, K. Fatima, Sehrish Jamil, Rahina Kausar, I. Hussain","doi":"10.58475/2023.61.2.2012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58475/2023.61.2.2012","url":null,"abstract":"Nutritional degradation of soil is an alarming issue of present agriculture due to extensive farming to overcome food security. A field experiment was conducted during rabi season 2021- 22 at the research area of Arid Zone Research Centre (AZRC), Dera Ismail Khan to assess the efficiency of two types of mulches (farm manure (FM) and wheat straw (WS) to conserve soil nutrient capacity with improving wheat yield. Wheat variety “AARI-2011” was sown @ 150 kg/ ha and fertilizers were applied @ 120-90-60 kg/ha of NPK using Randomized Complete Block Design. The soil was sampled from 0-60 cm depth after the wheat crop harvesting and was examined for soil NO3 -1 nitrogen, available P and extractable K. Wheat straw and grain yields were taken at maturity showing significant improvement with increasing mulch application. Plant grain samples were also analyzed for nutrient (N, P and K) concentrations. The data were statistically analyzed using the ANOVA technique and the means of the treatments were compared using HSD (Tuckey’s) test with 5% significance. An eloquent increase in nutritional components NO3 -1, P and K of the top 30 cm soil layer and crop grain was observed. It was concluded that the application of organic wastes as soil cover not only conserves soil but also enhances its productivity. Therefore, it is recommended to use mulching materials to conserve soil and enhance productivity.","PeriodicalId":14975,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43370113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Ather Mahmood, A. Bashir, M. Abbas, Irfan Mahmood, R. Saeed
Local governments in big cities of the Punjab (Pakistan) have moved animals out of cities in order to avoid severe difficulties of congestion, hygiene, safety and traffic. This move resulted in development of dairy colonies in the peri-urban areas of big urban centers. Peri-urban dairy colonies provide an important link between peripheries of big cities and urban centers through provision of milk and meat. This important peri-urban production system needs to be studied in detail in terms of collecting basic data about its economic viability, ascertaining major constraints and suggesting policy options for its improvement. Keeping the above in view, the present research investigated peri-urban dairy production system in third largest city of Pakistan i.e., Faisalabad during the year 2021. About sixty respondents from seven different peripheries of Faisalabad were chosen purposively and interviewed. The data collected from peri-urban milk producers was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution, percentages, averages, mean values and cross-tabulation. The study revealed that net income from livestock farming on overall basis was Rs.1108 per day while net income on farm size categories wise were Rs. 170, Rs. 910 and Rs. 2005 for small, medium and large livestock owners respectively. Major proportion of farmers (about 38 percent) from all three categories consider ed costly inputs as a major issue in peri-urban livestock farming followed by poor veterinary services (about 16 percent). Peri-urban dairy production system needs improvement in the form of various key factors such as proper feeding, availability of quality veterinary services, improved marketing of milk etc.
{"title":"APPRAISAL OF LIVESTOCK FARMING SYSTEM IN PERIURBAN AREAS OF FAISALABAD-PUNJAB","authors":"Muhammad Ather Mahmood, A. Bashir, M. Abbas, Irfan Mahmood, R. Saeed","doi":"10.58475/2023.61.2.1955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58475/2023.61.2.1955","url":null,"abstract":"Local governments in big cities of the Punjab (Pakistan) have moved animals out of cities in order to avoid severe difficulties of congestion, hygiene, safety and traffic. This move resulted in development of dairy colonies in the peri-urban areas of big urban centers. Peri-urban dairy colonies provide an important link between peripheries of big cities and urban centers through provision of milk and meat. This important peri-urban production system needs to be studied in detail in terms of collecting basic data about its economic viability, ascertaining major constraints and suggesting policy options for its improvement. Keeping the above in view, the present research investigated peri-urban dairy production system in third largest city of Pakistan i.e., Faisalabad during the year 2021. About sixty respondents from seven different peripheries of Faisalabad were chosen purposively and interviewed. The data collected from peri-urban milk producers was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution, percentages, averages, mean values and cross-tabulation. The study revealed that net income from livestock farming on overall basis was Rs.1108 per day while net income on farm size categories wise were Rs. 170, Rs. 910 and Rs. 2005 for small, medium and large livestock owners respectively. Major proportion of farmers (about 38 percent) from all three categories consider ed costly inputs as a major issue in peri-urban livestock farming followed by poor veterinary services (about 16 percent). Peri-urban dairy production system needs improvement in the form of various key factors such as proper feeding, availability of quality veterinary services, improved marketing of milk etc.","PeriodicalId":14975,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48979552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Ejaz, K. M. Chaudhary, I. Ashraf, Muhammad Tahir
The current study was conducted at Institute of Agri. Extension, Education and Rural Development, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad in 2022. Rawalpindi district was selected purposively as it receives maximum rainfall. Four out of seven tehsils of Rawalpindi were selected purposively based on maximum numbers of farmers. A sample size of 381 respondents was drawn using surveysystem.com. Proportionate sampling technique was used to interview 214, 104, 32 and 31 farmers from tehsil Gujar Khan, Rawalpindi, Kotli Satiyan and Kahuta respectively. Mix methods research design was used to conduct the study. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected using well-structured interview schedule and a comprehensive interview guide respectively. Research findings revealed that awareness and adoption level of farmers regarding various soil and water conservation practices was unsatisfactory. High level adoption gap was found regarding different soil and water conservation practices: crop rotation (92.4%), intercropping (99.7%), cover cropping (99.8%), terracing (96.1%), broad bed and furrow system of land configuration (96.6%), sowing drought resistant varieties (86.3%), contour farming (85%) and mulching (97.9%). It was concluded that farmers were not only deprived of the advisory services but also the required trainings and technical assistance regarding adoption of conservation measures. Therefore, provision of trainings and demonstration facilities were strongly recommended to educate the farmers regarding basic soil and water conservation measures. Moreover, farmers should also be provided with financial assistance in form of subsidized input supply.
{"title":"ANALYSIS OF CONSTRAINING FACTORS REGARDING ADOPTION OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION PRACTICES IN THE POTHOHAR, PUNJAB","authors":"R. Ejaz, K. M. Chaudhary, I. Ashraf, Muhammad Tahir","doi":"10.58475/2023.61.2.1944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58475/2023.61.2.1944","url":null,"abstract":"The current study was conducted at Institute of Agri. Extension, Education and Rural Development, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad in 2022. Rawalpindi district was selected purposively as it receives maximum rainfall. Four out of seven tehsils of Rawalpindi were selected purposively based on maximum numbers of farmers. A sample size of 381 respondents was drawn using surveysystem.com. Proportionate sampling technique was used to interview 214, 104, 32 and 31 farmers from tehsil Gujar Khan, Rawalpindi, Kotli Satiyan and Kahuta respectively. Mix methods research design was used to conduct the study. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected using well-structured interview schedule and a comprehensive interview guide respectively. Research findings revealed that awareness and adoption level of farmers regarding various soil and water conservation practices was unsatisfactory. High level adoption gap was found regarding different soil and water conservation practices: crop rotation (92.4%), intercropping (99.7%), cover cropping (99.8%), terracing (96.1%), broad bed and furrow system of land configuration (96.6%), sowing drought resistant varieties (86.3%), contour farming (85%) and mulching (97.9%). It was concluded that farmers were not only deprived of the advisory services but also the required trainings and technical assistance regarding adoption of conservation measures. Therefore, provision of trainings and demonstration facilities were strongly recommended to educate the farmers regarding basic soil and water conservation measures. Moreover, farmers should also be provided with financial assistance in form of subsidized input supply.","PeriodicalId":14975,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48898202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Sarwar, Hafiz Ghazanfar Abbas, M. Rizwan, Furrukh Ilahi, Amjad Farooq, J. Farooq, A. Younas, Muhammad Kashif Shahzad Sarwar, Khalil Ahmad, Abid Ali
FH-444 is a new Bt cotton variety which was released during the year 2020-21 by Cotton Research Station, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, for irrigated areas of Punjab, Pakistan to maintain fiber quality and production through gradually replacement of existing cotton cultivars to avoid the yield losses caused by insect, pest and unexpected disease attacks. The FH-444 possesses drought tolerance and very good combination of traits to meet the requirements of the farmers, pickers, ginners, spinners and textile industry. The evaluation of this promising line was started during 2011-12 in different yield tests viz: preliminary & advance yield trials, Provincial Coordinated Cotton Trial (PCCT), National Coordinated Varietal Trial (NCVT), Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) Trial, Agronomic trials, 1.25 Acre trials etc. In preliminary yield trials, FH-444 showed 45.96% increase in yield (3592 kg/ha) over standard variety FH-113 (2461 kg/ha) during 2011-12 while in advanced yield trials, FH-444 exhibited 23.61% increase in yield (3408 kg/ha) over standard variety FH-113 (2757 kg/ha) during 2013-14. It was also found that the effects of Cotton Leaf Curl Disease (CLCuD) were low (1.7 %) in FH-444 during growing season of 2014-15, while FH-142 showed increased incidence of attack (4.9%). FH444 demonstrated significant resistance with respect to thrips, whitefly, jassid and pink bollworm infestation. In present study it was found that the variety FH-444 possesses higher yield potential and will contribute to improve cotton yield and production under different stress conditions.
{"title":"FH-444: A HIGH YIELDING AND SUPERIOR FIBER QUALITY UPLAND COTTON VARIETY SUITABLE FOR COTTON GROWING AREAS OF PUNJAB, PAKISTAN","authors":"G. Sarwar, Hafiz Ghazanfar Abbas, M. Rizwan, Furrukh Ilahi, Amjad Farooq, J. Farooq, A. Younas, Muhammad Kashif Shahzad Sarwar, Khalil Ahmad, Abid Ali","doi":"10.58475/2023.61.2.1905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58475/2023.61.2.1905","url":null,"abstract":"FH-444 is a new Bt cotton variety which was released during the year 2020-21 by Cotton Research Station, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, for irrigated areas of Punjab, Pakistan to maintain fiber quality and production through gradually replacement of existing cotton cultivars to avoid the yield losses caused by insect, pest and unexpected disease attacks. The FH-444 possesses drought tolerance and very good combination of traits to meet the requirements of the farmers, pickers, ginners, spinners and textile industry. The evaluation of this promising line was started during 2011-12 in different yield tests viz: preliminary & advance yield trials, Provincial Coordinated Cotton Trial (PCCT), National Coordinated Varietal Trial (NCVT), Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) Trial, Agronomic trials, 1.25 Acre trials etc. In preliminary yield trials, FH-444 showed 45.96% increase in yield (3592 kg/ha) over standard variety FH-113 (2461 kg/ha) during 2011-12 while in advanced yield trials, FH-444 exhibited 23.61% increase in yield (3408 kg/ha) over standard variety FH-113 (2757 kg/ha) during 2013-14. It was also found that the effects of Cotton Leaf Curl Disease (CLCuD) were low (1.7 %) in FH-444 during growing season of 2014-15, while FH-142 showed increased incidence of attack (4.9%). FH444 demonstrated significant resistance with respect to thrips, whitefly, jassid and pink bollworm infestation. In present study it was found that the variety FH-444 possesses higher yield potential and will contribute to improve cotton yield and production under different stress conditions.","PeriodicalId":14975,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48341895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Present study was planned and conducted at Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha and Food Technology Section, AARI Faisalabad during 2020, to develop and analyze pumpkin flesh powder (PFP) and to prepare, standardize and evaluate biscuits with 0, 5, 10 and 15% replacement levels of PFP. Full ripened pumpkins were sliced, dried and grinded to obtain PFP. Straight grade flour (SGF) and PFP were analyzed for physico-chemical properties. PFP exhibited greater (6.15 ± 0.08) a* (redness) and (36.94 ± 0.19) b* (yellowness) values, significantly higher contents of moisture (14.29 ± 0.05%), ash (1.36 ± 0.03%), fat (1.24 ± 0.03%) and fiber (1.82 ± 0.01%), as compared to SGF. Upon analysis of physical characteristics of developed biscuits, as replacement level of PFP was increased to 15%, with SGF to develop biscuits, a* and b* values of biscuits were significantly increased to 5.06 ± 0.079 and 28.01 ± 0.14 respectively, thickness was also significantly increased to 48.50 ± 0.75 mm, while width was significantly decreased. Chemical analysis of biscuits revealed a significant increase in ash, fat fiber, Na, K and Fe contents of biscuits with increasing level of replacement of PFP. Whereas, non-significant results for moisture and protein contents were found. The contents of Ca, Mg and P were significantly decreased in added PFP biscuits. Sensory evaluation of biscuits proved that 5 to 10% replacement level of PFP got good scores close to the control so up to 10% replacement level of PFP with SGF was acceptable to develop good quality, nutritional biscuits. By keeping in view, the nutritional profile of pumpkin an effort was made to highlight the nutritional significance of pumpkin, pumpkin powder and biscuits developed with addition of pumpkin powder.
{"title":"DEVELOPMENT, STANDARDIZATION, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND NUTRITIONAL ANALYSIS OF BISCUITS DEVELOPED WITH DIFFERENT REPLACEMENT LEVELS OF PUMPKIN FLESH POWDER","authors":"A. Hussain, T. Kausar, A. Din","doi":"10.58475/2023.61.2.1813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58475/2023.61.2.1813","url":null,"abstract":"Present study was planned and conducted at Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha and Food Technology Section, AARI Faisalabad during 2020, to develop and analyze pumpkin flesh powder (PFP) and to prepare, standardize and evaluate biscuits with 0, 5, 10 and 15% replacement levels of PFP. Full ripened pumpkins were sliced, dried and grinded to obtain PFP. Straight grade flour (SGF) and PFP were analyzed for physico-chemical properties. PFP exhibited greater (6.15 ± 0.08) a* (redness) and (36.94 ± 0.19) b* (yellowness) values, significantly higher contents of moisture (14.29 ± 0.05%), ash (1.36 ± 0.03%), fat (1.24 ± 0.03%) and fiber (1.82 ± 0.01%), as compared to SGF. Upon analysis of physical characteristics of developed biscuits, as replacement level of PFP was increased to 15%, with SGF to develop biscuits, a* and b* values of biscuits were significantly increased to 5.06 ± 0.079 and 28.01 ± 0.14 respectively, thickness was also significantly increased to 48.50 ± 0.75 mm, while width was significantly decreased. Chemical analysis of biscuits revealed a significant increase in ash, fat fiber, Na, K and Fe contents of biscuits with increasing level of replacement of PFP. Whereas, non-significant results for moisture and protein contents were found. The contents of Ca, Mg and P were significantly decreased in added PFP biscuits. Sensory evaluation of biscuits proved that 5 to 10% replacement level of PFP got good scores close to the control so up to 10% replacement level of PFP with SGF was acceptable to develop good quality, nutritional biscuits. By keeping in view, the nutritional profile of pumpkin an effort was made to highlight the nutritional significance of pumpkin, pumpkin powder and biscuits developed with addition of pumpkin powder.","PeriodicalId":14975,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42709949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. G. Grewal, Maqbool Ahmad, M. Zafar, S. Raza, G. Mustafa, M. A. Qureshi, Atif Iqbal
Mango, the king of fruits, is one of the most important fruit crops of Pakistan. In the country, Sammar Bahisht Chaunsa is a major cultivar grown for domestic consumption as well as exporting to international markets; however, the cultivar has a strong disorder of biennial bearing. The main cause of the disorder is lack of immediate, sufficient and vigorous postharvest vegetative growth, which is essential for next year flowering/fruiting. The current study was designed to overcome this fruiting pattern by inducing postharvest vegetative growth immediately after fruit harvesting as this growth is must required for flowering. The trial was conducted in the experimental orchard of Mango Research Station, Shujabad on 25 years old trees of cultivar Sammar Bahisht Chaunsa, planted at 12m apart rows and plants. The experiment was performed during 2015-2020. One level of urea (2%) and two levels of KNO3 (1 % and 2%) alone and in various combinations were applied to mango trees immediately after the fruit harvesting to study their effects on the induction of vegetative growth. It was found that KNO3 at 1% ensured the maximum postharvest growth (67.11%) with maximum flowering (39.49%), and fruit yield (241 kg/plant). However nonsignificant difference (25 to 26 OBRIX) in total soluble solids (TSS) and titratable acidity (TA) was noted(0.7 to 0.9%) in all the treatments. It was concluded that application of KNO3 twice at 10 days interval alone or in combination with urea 2% after the harvesting of fruits was found beneficial for getting proper postharvest growth in mango trees to support subsequent fruit crop.
{"title":"INDUCTION OF VEGETATIVE GROWTH AFTER HARVESTING OF FRUITS IN MANGO CV. SAMMAR BAHISHT CHAUNSA BY USING DIFFERENT CHEMICALS","authors":"A. G. Grewal, Maqbool Ahmad, M. Zafar, S. Raza, G. Mustafa, M. A. Qureshi, Atif Iqbal","doi":"10.58475/2023.61.2.1943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58475/2023.61.2.1943","url":null,"abstract":"Mango, the king of fruits, is one of the most important fruit crops of Pakistan. In the country, Sammar Bahisht Chaunsa is a major cultivar grown for domestic consumption as well as exporting to international markets; however, the cultivar has a strong disorder of biennial bearing. The main cause of the disorder is lack of immediate, sufficient and vigorous postharvest vegetative growth, which is essential for next year flowering/fruiting. The current study was designed to overcome this fruiting pattern by inducing postharvest vegetative growth immediately after fruit harvesting as this growth is must required for flowering. The trial was conducted in the experimental orchard of Mango Research Station, Shujabad on 25 years old trees of cultivar Sammar Bahisht Chaunsa, planted at 12m apart rows and plants. The experiment was performed during 2015-2020. One level of urea (2%) and two levels of KNO3 (1 % and 2%) alone and in various combinations were applied to mango trees immediately after the fruit harvesting to study their effects on the induction of vegetative growth. It was found that KNO3 at 1% ensured the maximum postharvest growth (67.11%) with maximum flowering (39.49%), and fruit yield (241 kg/plant). However nonsignificant difference (25 to 26 OBRIX) in total soluble solids (TSS) and titratable acidity (TA) was noted(0.7 to 0.9%) in all the treatments. It was concluded that application of KNO3 twice at 10 days interval alone or in combination with urea 2% after the harvesting of fruits was found beneficial for getting proper postharvest growth in mango trees to support subsequent fruit crop.","PeriodicalId":14975,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42699790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Farooq, N. Sarwar, A. Rehman, Muqarrab Ali, Khuram Mubin, Fahid Ehsan, M. Iqbal, M. Nasir
Fat hen is a dominating weed of wheat and several important crops around the globe. Interference of this weed has not only caused substantial yield reduction in associated crops but also negatively influenced the succeeding crops in rotation pattern. Residual effects of fat hen infested soils were investigated in a bioassay at glass house, Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan during 2021. Rhizosphere soil along with fat hen incorporated soils were included in experiment while, for comparison sand and clay loam soils were also used as control treatments. Data regarding germination indices like time taken to 50 percent germination, mean emergence time, final emergence percentage, germination index, germination energy and seedling growth parameters like shoot/root length, shoot/root dry weight all indicated that fat hen incorporated soils exhibited a strong negative effect on the test crops (mungbean and maize). Whereas, rhizosphere soil also showed inhibitory effect on both test crops in comparison to sand and clay loam soils. However, the negative effects of incorporated soils are more prominent than the rhizosphere soil of fat hen. Rich allelochemicals profile of fat hen could be the possible reason of these negative influences. Findings of this investigation were used for planning of crop rotation pattern because farmers incorporate the standing fat hen into the soil after harvesting of their crops. So, farmers should avoid incorporation of fat hen in to the soil to avoid the possible negative effect on the succeeding crops.
{"title":"FAT HEN INCORPORATED AND RHIZOSPHERE SOIL AFFECTS THE GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF MUNGBEAN AND MAIZE","authors":"O. Farooq, N. Sarwar, A. Rehman, Muqarrab Ali, Khuram Mubin, Fahid Ehsan, M. Iqbal, M. Nasir","doi":"10.58475/2023.61.2.1980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58475/2023.61.2.1980","url":null,"abstract":"Fat hen is a dominating weed of wheat and several important crops around the globe. Interference of this weed has not only caused substantial yield reduction in associated crops but also negatively influenced the succeeding crops in rotation pattern. Residual effects of fat hen infested soils were investigated in a bioassay at glass house, Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan during 2021. Rhizosphere soil along with fat hen incorporated soils were included in experiment while, for comparison sand and clay loam soils were also used as control treatments. Data regarding germination indices like time taken to 50 percent germination, mean emergence time, final emergence percentage, germination index, germination energy and seedling growth parameters like shoot/root length, shoot/root dry weight all indicated that fat hen incorporated soils exhibited a strong negative effect on the test crops (mungbean and maize). Whereas, rhizosphere soil also showed inhibitory effect on both test crops in comparison to sand and clay loam soils. However, the negative effects of incorporated soils are more prominent than the rhizosphere soil of fat hen. Rich allelochemicals profile of fat hen could be the possible reason of these negative influences. Findings of this investigation were used for planning of crop rotation pattern because farmers incorporate the standing fat hen into the soil after harvesting of their crops. So, farmers should avoid incorporation of fat hen in to the soil to avoid the possible negative effect on the succeeding crops.","PeriodicalId":14975,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43443223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. A. Anjum, K. Ahmed, A. I. Saqib, A. Wakeel, G. Qadir, M. Sarfraz, M. Rizwan, M. Q. Nawaz, M. Nawaz
Agroforestry is a viable land-use option for utilizing salt affected soils which ensures the remunerative use of this valuable resource. A two years pot study was performed during 2018 to 2020 at Soil Salinity Research Institute, Pinid Bhattian to evaluate salinity tolerance of sapodilla fruit plant against different levels of salinity and sodicity. Treatments included were: T1 (control) = ECe , 1.32 dS/m + SAR 11.32, T2 = ECe , 8 dS/m + SAR 20 , T3 = ECe , 8 dS/m + SAR 25, T4 = ECe , 8 dS/m + SAR 30, T5 = ECe , 12 dS/m + SAR 20, T6 = ECe , 12 dS/m + SAR 25, T7 = ECe , 12 dS/m + SAR 30, T8 = ECe , 16 dS/m + SAR 20, T9 = ECe , 16 dS/m + SAR 25, T10 = ECe , 16 dS/m + SAR 30. No mortality was observed after one year of transplantation in any treatment. However, in second year it was observed that plants failed at higher level of salinity and sodicity in T9 (ECe 16 + SAR 30) and T10 (ECe 16 + SAR 35). Increasing levels of salinity and sodicity arrested the growth of sapodilla seedling and reduction of 62.31% in plant height, 59.70% in stem girth, 46.69% in leaves and 53.84% in branches over control was observed in T8 (ECe 16 dS/m + SAR 20. So, it was concluded that sapodilla seedlings can grow successfully at salinity and sodicity level of (ECe 16 dS/m + SAR 20).
{"title":"RESPONSE OF SAPODILLA (MANILKARA HEXANDRA) SEEDLINGS TO DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SALINITY AND SODICITY","authors":"M. A. Anjum, K. Ahmed, A. I. Saqib, A. Wakeel, G. Qadir, M. Sarfraz, M. Rizwan, M. Q. Nawaz, M. Nawaz","doi":"10.58475/2023.61.2.1969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58475/2023.61.2.1969","url":null,"abstract":"Agroforestry is a viable land-use option for utilizing salt affected soils which ensures the remunerative use of this valuable resource. A two years pot study was performed during 2018 to 2020 at Soil Salinity Research Institute, Pinid Bhattian to evaluate salinity tolerance of sapodilla fruit plant against different levels of salinity and sodicity. Treatments included were: T1 (control) = ECe , 1.32 dS/m + SAR 11.32, T2 = ECe , 8 dS/m + SAR 20 , T3 = ECe , 8 dS/m + SAR 25, T4 = ECe , 8 dS/m + SAR 30, T5 = ECe , 12 dS/m + SAR 20, T6 = ECe , 12 dS/m + SAR 25, T7 = ECe , 12 dS/m + SAR 30, T8 = ECe , 16 dS/m + SAR 20, T9 = ECe , 16 dS/m + SAR 25, T10 = ECe , 16 dS/m + SAR 30. No mortality was observed after one year of transplantation in any treatment. However, in second year it was observed that plants failed at higher level of salinity and sodicity in T9 (ECe 16 + SAR 30) and T10 (ECe 16 + SAR 35). Increasing levels of salinity and sodicity arrested the growth of sapodilla seedling and reduction of 62.31% in plant height, 59.70% in stem girth, 46.69% in leaves and 53.84% in branches over control was observed in T8 (ECe 16 dS/m + SAR 20. So, it was concluded that sapodilla seedlings can grow successfully at salinity and sodicity level of (ECe 16 dS/m + SAR 20).","PeriodicalId":14975,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43444088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Citrus is manually counted to estimate the yield. By using some innovative agricultural techniques yield and production can be increased. Numerous agricultural innovations have been introduced in recent years. Higher agricultural production, prediction, and reliable crop status information are more important than ever due to the expected growth of the human population. Agriculture has always been the foundation of human society. Current study was aimed to develop a reliable and meaningful information-gathering agricultural field based on image processing during 2020. Citrus yield can be increased in the initial stages by counting it with RGB and HSV-based images taken from an Android phone from various angles using machine learning techniques. Fertilizers such as potash, phosphorus, and nitrogen can then be utilized to boost yield. According to the findings, farmers can control and monitor citrus health production more efficiently and effectively by integrating machine learning with agriculture. The citrus calculation using the given technique compared with manually counted citrus, having difference of up to 5 to 10 citruses for a single plant per plot in a field. The proposed method produced excellent results under varying lighting conditions, leaf occlusion, and fruit overlap on photos taken at various distances from the orange trees.
{"title":"APPLICATION OF MACHINE LEARNING IN ESTIMATING ONTREE YIELD OF CITRUS FRUIT","authors":"Ahsan Rehman Gill, Muhammad Azam, Muhammad Nouman","doi":"10.58475/2023.61.2.1900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58475/2023.61.2.1900","url":null,"abstract":"Citrus is manually counted to estimate the yield. By using some innovative agricultural techniques yield and production can be increased. Numerous agricultural innovations have been introduced in recent years. Higher agricultural production, prediction, and reliable crop status information are more important than ever due to the expected growth of the human population. Agriculture has always been the foundation of human society. Current study was aimed to develop a reliable and meaningful information-gathering agricultural field based on image processing during 2020. Citrus yield can be increased in the initial stages by counting it with RGB and HSV-based images taken from an Android phone from various angles using machine learning techniques. Fertilizers such as potash, phosphorus, and nitrogen can then be utilized to boost yield. According to the findings, farmers can control and monitor citrus health production more efficiently and effectively by integrating machine learning with agriculture. The citrus calculation using the given technique compared with manually counted citrus, having difference of up to 5 to 10 citruses for a single plant per plot in a field. The proposed method produced excellent results under varying lighting conditions, leaf occlusion, and fruit overlap on photos taken at various distances from the orange trees.","PeriodicalId":14975,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43442534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Zia, Q. Ali, M. Umar, M. F. Akhtar, Asad Aslam, N. Anjum, M. Shehzad, Muhammad Qasim
The present study was carried out on the farmer field under the supervision of the Department of Plant Protection and Quality Control of Pesticides during 2020 and 2021. Barley cultivar ‘Haider-93’ was sown in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications to examine the effect of two levels ofnitrogen fertilizer, 50 and 100 kg/ha along with control (no fertilizer), on population fluctuation of aphid and on barley yield components like grain protein (%), 1000-grain weight and the barley grain yield. Aphid incidence was recorded throughout the cropping season. The results revealed that peak infestation of aphids per tiller were recorded in the 3rd week of February in successive year. The study indicated a significant relationship between nitrogen fertilizer and aphid population density per tiller. The mean aphid population per tiller was recorded a significantly higher (34.12 ± 0.81 and 28.65 ± 0.17 for the years 2020 and 2021, respectively) at 100 kg/ha of nitrogen level while lowest infestation (14.51 ± 0.20 and 12.30 ± 0.10 aphids per tiller for the year 2020 and 2021, respectively) was recorded at 0 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer. Nitrogen fertilizer level at 100 kg/ha gave significantly higher grain protein (12.80 ± 0.17 and 13.70 ± 0.26% for the years 2020 and 2021, respectively) and grain yield (2758.75 ± 60.82 and 2673.79 ± 61.88 kg/ha produce for the year 2020 and 2021, respectively) of the barley crop. However, treatment differences for 1000-grain weight (g) were recorded as non-significant. These findings suggest that the nitrogen fertilizer at 100 kg/ha level produced significantly higher grain protein (%) and grain yield at the same time, also supported the higher infestation of aphids per tiller. Still, this aphid density did not affect the accumulation of grain protein (%) and grain yield of the barley crop. The results of this study might be used for decision-making to apply nitrogen fertilizer for better grain yield of barley crop but at the same time considering the colonizing aphid population.
{"title":"POTENTIAL IMPACT OF NITROGEN ON POPULATION FLUCTUATION OF APHID AND YIELD PARAMETERS IN BARLEY","authors":"S. Zia, Q. Ali, M. Umar, M. F. Akhtar, Asad Aslam, N. Anjum, M. Shehzad, Muhammad Qasim","doi":"10.58475/2023.61.2.1947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58475/2023.61.2.1947","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was carried out on the farmer field under the supervision of the Department of Plant Protection and Quality Control of Pesticides during 2020 and 2021. Barley cultivar ‘Haider-93’ was sown in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications to examine the effect of two levels ofnitrogen fertilizer, 50 and 100 kg/ha along with control (no fertilizer), on population fluctuation of aphid and on barley yield components like grain protein (%), 1000-grain weight and the barley grain yield. Aphid incidence was recorded throughout the cropping season. The results revealed that peak infestation of aphids per tiller were recorded in the 3rd week of February in successive year. The study indicated a significant relationship between nitrogen fertilizer and aphid population density per tiller. The mean aphid population per tiller was recorded a significantly higher (34.12 ± 0.81 and 28.65 ± 0.17 for the years 2020 and 2021, respectively) at 100 kg/ha of nitrogen level while lowest infestation (14.51 ± 0.20 and 12.30 ± 0.10 aphids per tiller for the year 2020 and 2021, respectively) was recorded at 0 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer. Nitrogen fertilizer level at 100 kg/ha gave significantly higher grain protein (12.80 ± 0.17 and 13.70 ± 0.26% for the years 2020 and 2021, respectively) and grain yield (2758.75 ± 60.82 and 2673.79 ± 61.88 kg/ha produce for the year 2020 and 2021, respectively) of the barley crop. However, treatment differences for 1000-grain weight (g) were recorded as non-significant. These findings suggest that the nitrogen fertilizer at 100 kg/ha level produced significantly higher grain protein (%) and grain yield at the same time, also supported the higher infestation of aphids per tiller. Still, this aphid density did not affect the accumulation of grain protein (%) and grain yield of the barley crop. The results of this study might be used for decision-making to apply nitrogen fertilizer for better grain yield of barley crop but at the same time considering the colonizing aphid population.","PeriodicalId":14975,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48899417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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