The role of gut microbiota in the health and disease of pigs

IF 3.2 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE Animal Frontiers Pub Date : 2016-07-01 DOI:10.2527/AF.2016-0031
J. Fouhse, R. Zijlstra, B. Willing
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引用次数: 158

Abstract

The pig intestine is home to a dynamic microbial population that forms a complex ecosystem and has a symbiotic relationship with the host. The population of gut microbes, or microbiota, plays key roles in maintaining nutritional, physiological, and immunological functions of the pig (Lee and Mazmanian, 2010; Brestoff and Artis, 2013). However, this microbial population also includes disease-causing organisms such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Clostridia. These pathogenic organisms can cause substantial morbidity and mortality; thus, prophylactic use of antibiotics has been common in livestock industries. Disturbances in the gut microbial ecosystem during the rearing of pigs can dramatically increase risk of disease. To meet production goals in the swine industry, piglets are weaned early, before a stable microbial population is established and the immune system is mature. Stress at weaning further disrupts the gut microbial ecosystem (Konstantinov et al., 2006), increasing susceptibility to bacterial post-weaning diarrhea (Lallès et al., 2004). The use of prophylactic antibiotics tends to balance these disturbances, decreasing incidence of gastrointestinal disease, particularly at weaning. Widespread use of prophylactic and growth-promoting antibiotics has increased selective pressure for anti-microbial resistant bacteria and is now a major public health concern (Dibner and Richards, 2005). Using current knowledge of the host–microbial relationship, strategies including the use of prebiotics, highly fermentable carbohydrate cereal grains, probiotics, and (or) microbial transplants may promote animal health and reduce the need for antibiotic use. However, future research must quantitatively and qualitatively define the composition and function of a ‘healthy’ pig gut microbiota to successfully implement such strategies.
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肠道菌群在猪健康和疾病中的作用
猪肠是动态微生物种群的家园,形成了一个复杂的生态系统,并与宿主有共生关系。肠道微生物群或微生物群在维持猪的营养、生理和免疫功能方面起着关键作用(Lee和Mazmanian, 2010;布列斯托夫和阿蒂斯,2013)。然而,这些微生物群也包括致病生物,如大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和梭菌。这些致病生物可造成大量发病率和死亡率;因此,预防性使用抗生素在畜牧业中很常见。在猪的饲养过程中,肠道微生物生态系统的紊乱会大大增加患病的风险。为了满足养猪业的生产目标,在稳定的微生物种群建立和免疫系统成熟之前,仔猪就早早断奶。断奶时的应激进一步破坏了肠道微生物生态系统(Konstantinov等,2006),增加了断奶后细菌腹泻的易感性(lall等,2004)。预防性抗生素的使用有助于平衡这些干扰,降低胃肠道疾病的发病率,特别是在断奶时。预防性和促进生长的抗生素的广泛使用增加了抗微生物药耐药细菌的选择压力,现在已成为一个主要的公共卫生问题(Dibner和Richards, 2005)。利用目前对宿主-微生物关系的了解,包括使用益生元、高度可发酵的碳水化合物谷物、益生菌和(或)微生物移植在内的策略可以促进动物健康并减少对抗生素使用的需求。然而,未来的研究必须定量和定性地定义“健康”猪肠道微生物群的组成和功能,以成功实施这些策略。
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来源期刊
Animal Frontiers
Animal Frontiers Veterinary-Food Animals
CiteScore
6.50
自引率
5.60%
发文量
74
期刊介绍: Animal Frontiers is the official journal of the following globally active professional animal science societies: ASAS, the American Society of Animal Science CSAS, the Canadian Society of Animal Science EAAP, the European Federation of Animal Science AMSA, the American Meat Science Association These organizations are dedicated to the advancement and dissemination of science-based knowledge concerning animal agriculture. Animal Frontiers provides a novel forum for innovative and timely perspectives that have relevance to understanding the complex dynamics at work through animal agriculture. Animal Frontiers publishes discussion and position papers that present several international perspectives on the status of high-impact, global issues in animal agriculture. Every issue will explore a theme of broad and current interest within animal science and animal agriculture.
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