Notes on Three Tiny Grassland Flycatchers, with Comments on the Disappearance of South American Fire-Diversified Savannas

T. A. Parker, E. Willis
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引用次数: 49

Abstract

The Rufous-sided Pygmy-Tyrant (Euscarthmus rufomarginatus, Tyrannidae) was rediscovered in high-grass bushy savannas ("campo-cerrados") in western Mato Grosso and nearby Bolivia. Pairs of this species hop wrenlike low in the vegetation, at times in mixed-species flocks, eating insects and fruits; a twittery song and January fledgling were noted. Two other small grassland flycatchers, the Bearded Tachuri (Polystictus pectoralis) and Sharp-tailed Tyrant (Culicivora caudacuta), are in more open remnant grasslands ("campos") of interior South America. Single adults care for tachuri fledglings, pairs (with family groups until winter) in Sharp-tails. All three flycatcher species are now rare, owing to destruction of huge areas by agribusiness, and annual burning of many remnant savannas. Other rare savanna species needing research include Blue-eyed Ground-Dove (Columbina cyanopis), encountered only once in our studies, and Ochre-breasted Pipit (Anthus natter eri), one of several species that prefer lightly grazed or burned savanna. Birds of natural savannas shift every few years with local fires: tall-grass species move to older grassland and fire-followers to the new burns. Large or connected reserves are needed to provide both types of habitat; small reserves protected from fire turn to scrub, while annually burned ranches save few birds. Resumo. Notas sobre tres pequenos tiramdeos dos campos nativos, com comentarios sobre o desaparecimento das savanas diversificadas pelo fogo na America do Sul. A maria-corrurra {Euscarthmus rufimarginatus, Tyrannidae) foi redescoberta nos campos cerrados arbustivos com gramineas altas a oeste de Mato Grosso e cercanias de Bolivia. Pares desta especie saltitam como as corruiras, baixo na vegeta9ao e por vezes juntam-se aos bandos mistos, alimentando-se de insetos e frutos; foi notado um filhote em Janeiro. Dois outros tiranideos pequenos, o tricolino-canela, Polystictus pectoralis e a maria-docampo, Culicivora caudacuta, sao encontrados mais comumente em remanescentes campestres mais abertos do interior da America do Sul. Apenas um dos adultos cuida dos filhotes em P. pectoralis, e o casal (com grupos familiares ate o inverno) em C. caudacuta. Atualmente, todas as tres especies sao raras, devido a destrui^ao de grandes areas para agricultura e o fogo anual em muitos dos cerrados remanescentes. Outras especies raras de cerrado que necessitam ser pesquisados incluem a rolinha-brasileira, Columbina cyanopis, encontrada somente uma vez durante nossos estudos e, o caminheiro-grande, Anthus nattereri, uma das varias especies que preferem pastos levemente utilizados ou os cerrados queimados. As aves dos cerrados naturais mudam a cada poucos anos com os fogos locais: especies de gramas altas mudam-se para os campos mais desenvolvidos e as seguidoras-de-fogo para as areas recentemente queimadas. Reservas grandes ou interligadas sao necessarias para proporcionar ambos os tipos de habitat; pequenas reservas protegidas do fogo transformam-se em arbustos densos, enquanto os pastos queimados anualmente retem poucas aves. Recent field work in the campos, cerrados and gallery forests of western Brazil and nearby Bolivia has revealed several bird species once considered endemic to central Brazil (Silva and Oniki 1988; Willis and Oniki 1990; Bates et al. 1989, 1982). These open habitats are rapidly being converted into agricultural and cattle lands (Cavalcanti 1988; Willis and Oniki 1988; Silva 1995), and not many undisturbed examples survive outside of the few national parks and biological reserves. Savanna regions, although large, are eclipsed by the more speciose Amazon
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三只小草原捕蝇鸟的笔记,兼评南美火多样性稀树草原的消失
在马托格罗索州西部和玻利维亚附近的高草茂密的稀树大草原(“campo-cerrados”)中重新发现了红颊侏儒暴君(Euscarthmus ruformarginatus,暴龙科)。成对的这一种跳跃像鹪鹩在低的植被,有时在混合种群,吃昆虫和水果;一首啾啾的歌和一月的雏鸟都被注意到了。另外两种小型草原捕蝇鸟,有胡须的Tachuri (polytictus pectoralis)和尖尾暴君(Culicivora caudacuta),生活在南美洲内陆更开阔的残余草原(“campos”)。单独的成年照顾小企鹅,成对(与家庭群体直到冬天)在尖尾。由于农业综合企业对大片地区的破坏,以及每年焚烧许多残存的热带稀树草原,这三种捕蝇草现在都很罕见。其他需要研究的稀有稀树草原物种包括蓝眼地鸽(Columbina cyanopis),在我们的研究中只遇到过一次,还有赭色胸鹭(Anthus natter eri),这是几种喜欢轻度放牧或烧焦的稀树草原的物种之一。天然稀树草原上的鸟类每隔几年就会随着当地的火灾而迁移:高草物种迁移到较老的草原,而火的追随者迁移到新燃烧的草原。需要有大型或相连的保护区,以提供这两种生境;防止火灾的小保护区变成了灌木丛,而每年被烧毁的牧场拯救了很少的鸟类。Resumo。我们的评论是:我们的评论是:我们的评论是:我们的评论是:我们的评论是:我们的评论是:我们的评论是:我们的评论是:我们的评论是:我们的评论是:我们的评论是:我们的评论是:南美洲。A maria-corrurra(暴龙科尤卡斯卡斯,暴龙科)为玻利维亚马托格罗索州和其他地区的野生动物提供了一种新方法。特别需要盐和玉米,如玉米、玉米、蔬菜、玉米、玉米、玉米、玉米、玉米、玉米和玉米。我在里约热内卢的一家酒店工作。在美洲南部的内陆地区,在美洲南部的内陆地区,在美洲南部的内陆地区,在美洲南部的内陆地区,在美洲南部的内陆地区,在美洲南部的内陆地区,在美洲南部的内陆地区,在美洲南部的内陆地区。青虫、成年青虫、成年青虫、成年青虫、成年青虫、成年青虫、成年青虫、成年青虫。自然资源,今天的树木品种和稀有资源,对大地区的农业生产造成了严重的破坏,因此每年都有大量的自然资源被利用。特别稀有品种和特别稀有品种包括:巴西凤梨、青花耧斗菜、珍稀品种和特别稀有品种,特别稀有品种和特别稀有品种,特别稀有品种和特别稀有品种和特别稀有品种。就像自然保护区一样,野生动物保护区和野生动物保护区都有不同的地方:野生动物保护区和野生动物保护区都有不同的地方;野生动物保护区和野生动物保护区都有不同的地方。大保护区、大保护区、大保护区、大保护区、大保护区、大保护区、大保护区、大保护区、大保护区、大保护区、大保护区、大保护区、大保护区Pequenas reservas protegidas do go to transform - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -最近在巴西西部和玻利维亚附近的坎波斯、塞拉多斯和走廊森林进行的实地工作发现了一些曾经被认为是巴西中部特有的鸟类物种(Silva和Oniki 1988;Willis and Oniki 1990;Bates et al. 1989,1982)。这些开放栖息地正迅速转变为农业和畜牧业用地(卡瓦尔康蒂1988;Willis and Oniki 1988;Silva, 1995),在少数国家公园和生物保护区之外,没有受到干扰的例子并不多。热带稀树草原地区虽然很大,但与物种较多的亚马逊相比却黯然失色
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