Solar control of ambient ionization of the ionosphere near the crest of the equatorial anomaly in the Indian zone

Abstract

Long-term (1978-1990) total electron content (TEC) data have been analyzed to show the dependence of ambient ionization on EUV radiation from the Sun. TEC observations were made at Calcutta (22.58 N, 88.38 E ge- ographic, dip: 32 N), situated virtually below the north- ern crest of the equatorial ionization anomaly. Day-to-day changes in TEC at different local times do not show any sig- nificant correlation with F10.7 solar flux. A good correlation is, however, observed between the F10.7 solar flux and the monthly mean TEC when both are considered on a long-term basis, i.e. either in the ascending (1986-1990) or in the de- scending (1979-1985) phase. In the early morning hours the correlation coefficient maximizes around the 08:00-10:00 h IST interval. The flux independent nature of diurnal TEC is evident around the noon time hours of only a few months in the descending phase for F10.7 values greater than 150 unit. Variation of TEC for the whole time period (1979-1990) also exhibits a prominent hysteresis effect. The remarkable feature of the hysteresis effect is its local time dependence, leading to a temporal flip-over. Solar flux-normalized TEC values show a clear seasonal dependence with asymmetri- cal variations in the two equinoxes. The amplitudes of the equinoctial peaks reveal a prominent local time dependence. A further normalization leads to a typical local time varia- tion of TEC. Based on solar flux, seasonal and local time dependent features of TEC, an empirical formula has been developed to represent the TEC variation in the early morn- ing hours. It yields a quantitative estimate of the solar flux dependent nature of the TEC variation. The formula has been validated using the available TEC data and data from the neu- ral network.