Nerve sonography in the diagnostic evaluation of primary and secondary carpal tunnel syndrome in rheumatoid arthritis

Abstract

Background and Purpose

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common entrapment neuropathy and extra-articular manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, in patients with RA, it is not always possible to clinically distinguish an actual CTS from other RA-based complaints.

Methods

We evaluated the diagnostic role of nerve ultrasound (NUS) as supportive tool in the diagnostic process of CTS in patients with RA and tried to provide etiological clarification in cases of secondary CTS. Fifty-eight patients with RA and clinical suspicion of CTS were enrolled. All patients underwent a standardized clinical-neurological, electrophysiological (nerve conduction studies [NCS]), and NUS examination and completed the Boston CTS Questionnaire (BCTQ).

Results

In 96 of 116 hands examined, a clinical suspicion of CTS was documented. In 43 of 96 (44.8%) CTS-positive hands, the diagnosis was primarily confirmed by NCS, whereas in another 16 of 96 (30.2%) hands, the diagnosis could only be verified by NUS, leading to a diagnosis of CTS in 59 of 116 (50.8%) hands. In 19 of 59 (32.3%) CTS-positive hands, tenosynovial hypertrophy was observed, and in 7 of 59 (11.8%), a cystic mass was identified as the underlying cause of secondary CTS. A good correlation between NCS and NUS findings was documented, but no significant correlation was found between NCS, NUS, and clinical findings/BCTQ.

Conclusions

In people with RA, a diagnosis of CTS purely on a clinical basis is nonspecific and should be supported by NCS and/or NUS. NUS markedly facilitates the diagnosis of CTS in these patients and enables differentiation between primary and secondary causes.