Spent mushroom substrate as a substitute for chemical fertilizer changes N-cycling genes and reduces N2O emission in different textured soils

IF 5.1 1区 农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE Biology and Fertility of Soils Pub Date : 2023-10-31 DOI:10.1007/s00374-023-01772-y
Guiting Yang, Yan Ma, Wenyi Xu, Xiaochi Ma, Chao Lu
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Abstract

Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) is a by-product of mushroom production, which can be used as an organic fertilizer. However, studies on the effect of SMS as a substitute for chemical fertilizer on soil N2O emissions and relative mechanisms are scarce. A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to examine the effects of SMSs derived from Pleurotus eryngii (SMS-PE) and Agaricus bisporus (SMS-AB) production on N2O emissions from a sandy loam and a clay loam soil. Six treatments for each soil were established: no fertilization (CK); chemical N fertilizer (U); two types of SMSs alone (SMS-PE and SMS-AB); and their half substitution with chemical N fertilizer (SMS-PEU and SMS-ABU). The recalcitrance and aliphaticity indices of SMS-PE determined by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were lower than those of SMS-AB. N2O emissions from the SMS-PEU and SMS-ABU decreased by 21.5–58.5% compared to the urea alone treatment. The emission of N2O was controlled by soil NH4+-N and AOB, indicating that nitrification is primarily responsible for N2O production. The increased NH4+-N concentration in the SMS-PEU treatment increased N2O emissions by 32.4% compared to the SMS-ABU treatment of the sandy loam soil. The N2O emissions from the clay loam soil treated with SMS-PEU depended on NO3-N concentration and absolute abundance of nirS, nirK, and the nir/nos ratio, suggesting the presence of the simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. Thus, the application of SMS-PE with a higher proportion of available organic C increased denitrification gene abundance and likely enhanced denitrification-associated N2O emissions (by 72.6%) in the clay loam soil compared to SMS-ABU. Overall, our results reveal that substituting chemical N with SMSs, particularly SMS-AB with lower NH4+-N and available C concentrations, is a promising strategy to mitigate N2O emissions while reducing chemical N consumption.

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废蘑菇基质替代化肥改变不同质地土壤中氮循环基因并减少N2O排放
废蘑菇基质(SMS)是蘑菇生产的副产品,可以用作有机肥料。然而,关于SMS作为化肥替代品对土壤N2O排放的影响及其相关机制的研究很少。通过实验室培养实验,研究了杏鲍菇(SMS-PE)和双孢蘑菇(SMS-AB)生产的SMS对沙壤土和粘壤土N2O排放的影响。每种土壤建立6个处理:不施肥(CK);化学氮肥(U);单独的两种类型的SMS(SMS-PE和SMS-AB);以及它们被化学氮肥(SMS-PEU和SMS-ABU)半取代。用13C核磁共振谱测定SMS-PE的难降解性和脂溶性指数均低于SMS-AB。与单独尿素处理相比,SMS-PEU和SMS-ABU的N2O排放量减少了21.5–58.5%。N2O的排放受土壤NH4+-N和AOB的控制,表明硝化作用是N2O产生的主要原因。与沙壤土的SMS-ABU处理相比,SMS-PEU处理中NH4+-N浓度的增加使N2O排放增加了32.4%。SMS-PEU处理的粘壤土的N2O排放量取决于NO3−-N浓度、nirS、nirK的绝对丰度和nir/nos比值,表明存在同时硝化和反硝化作用。因此,与SMS-ABU相比,施用具有更高比例有效有机碳的SMS-PE增加了粘壤土中反硝化基因的丰度,并可能增加了反硝化相关的N2O排放(增加了72.6%)。总的来说,我们的研究结果表明,用SMS取代化学N,特别是具有较低NH4+-N和可用C浓度的SMS-AB,是一种很有前途的策略,可以在减少化学N消耗的同时减少N2O排放。
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来源期刊
Biology and Fertility of Soils
Biology and Fertility of Soils 农林科学-土壤科学
CiteScore
11.80
自引率
10.80%
发文量
62
审稿时长
2.2 months
期刊介绍: Biology and Fertility of Soils publishes in English original papers, reviews and short communications on all fundamental and applied aspects of biology – microflora and microfauna - and fertility of soils. It offers a forum for research aimed at broadening the understanding of biological functions, processes and interactions in soils, particularly concerning the increasing demands of agriculture, deforestation and industrialization. The journal includes articles on techniques and methods that evaluate processes, biogeochemical interactions and ecological stresses, and sometimes presents special issues on relevant topics.
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