Theoretical results on the existence, regularity and asymptotic stability of enhanced pullback attractors: applications to 3D primitive equations

Abstract

Several new concepts of enhanced pullback attractors for nonautonomous dynamical systems are introduced here by uniformly enhancing the compactness and attraction of the usual pullback attractors over an infinite forward time-interval under strong and weak topologies. Then we provide some theoretical results for the existence, regularity and asymptotic stability of these enhanced pullback attractors under general theoretical frameworks which can be applied to a large class of PDEs. The existence of these enhanced attractors is harder to obtain than the backward case [33], since it is difficult to uniformly control the long-time pullback behavior of the systems over the forward time-interval. As applications of our theoretical results, we consider the famous 3D primitive equations modelling the large-scale ocean and atmosphere dynamics, and prove the existence, regularity and asymptotic stability of the enhanced pullback attractors in V × V and H² × H² for the time-dependent forces which satisfy some weak conditions.