{"title":"Health risk assessment of indoor and outdoor PM2.5-bound metal(loid)s in three residential areas downwind of an active ferromanganese smelter","authors":"Setlamorago Jackson Mbazima","doi":"10.1007/s11869-023-01409-x","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Indoor and outdoor PM<sub>2.5</sub> samples were collected in three residential areas near a ferromanganese smelter using GilAir300 plus at 2.75 L/min, and the elemental composition was analysed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy. A health risk assessment was conducted to determine the probability of developing carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects for four age groups. The hazard quotient (HQ) for manganese was >1 both indoors and outdoors for the four age groups in all residential areas, indicating a risk of developing non-carcinogenic health effects. The HQs of Cr (VI) displayed a similar trend for all age groups; it was >1 in all residential areas except for outdoor environments at New Sicelo. The highest HQ (25.6) was found indoors at Old Sicelo for the 21–35 age group whereas the minimum (8.3) was found indoors at Noldick for the 36–65+ age group. When using the overall concentrations, the HQ was >1 only for Mn and the highest values were recorded at Noldick. The cancer risks for chromium (VI), cobalt, and cadmium were above the upper limit of 1 × 10<sup>−4</sup> and the lower limit of 1 × 10<sup>−6</sup> when considering indoor and outdoor concentrations. When considering the overall concentrations, the cancer risk for cobalt was >1 × 10<sup>−6</sup> and that of chromium (VI) was >1 × 10<sup>−4</sup>. Urgent intervention is required, particularly given the negative health effects associated with Mn exposure.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\n <div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div>\n </div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9000,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11869-023-01409-x","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Indoor and outdoor PM2.5 samples were collected in three residential areas near a ferromanganese smelter using GilAir300 plus at 2.75 L/min, and the elemental composition was analysed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy. A health risk assessment was conducted to determine the probability of developing carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects for four age groups. The hazard quotient (HQ) for manganese was >1 both indoors and outdoors for the four age groups in all residential areas, indicating a risk of developing non-carcinogenic health effects. The HQs of Cr (VI) displayed a similar trend for all age groups; it was >1 in all residential areas except for outdoor environments at New Sicelo. The highest HQ (25.6) was found indoors at Old Sicelo for the 21–35 age group whereas the minimum (8.3) was found indoors at Noldick for the 36–65+ age group. When using the overall concentrations, the HQ was >1 only for Mn and the highest values were recorded at Noldick. The cancer risks for chromium (VI), cobalt, and cadmium were above the upper limit of 1 × 10−4 and the lower limit of 1 × 10−6 when considering indoor and outdoor concentrations. When considering the overall concentrations, the cancer risk for cobalt was >1 × 10−6 and that of chromium (VI) was >1 × 10−4. Urgent intervention is required, particularly given the negative health effects associated with Mn exposure.
期刊介绍：
Air Quality, Atmosphere, and Health is a multidisciplinary journal which, by its very name, illustrates the broad range of work it publishes and which focuses on atmospheric consequences of human activities and their implications for human and ecological health.
It offers research papers, critical literature reviews and commentaries, as well as special issues devoted to topical subjects or themes.
International in scope, the journal presents papers that inform and stimulate a global readership, as the topic addressed are global in their import. Consequently, we do not encourage submission of papers involving local data that relate to local problems. Unless they demonstrate wide applicability, these are better submitted to national or regional journals.
Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health addresses such topics as acid precipitation; airborne particulate matter; air quality monitoring and management; exposure assessment; risk assessment; indoor air quality; atmospheric chemistry; atmospheric modeling and prediction; air pollution climatology; climate change and air quality; air pollution measurement; atmospheric impact assessment; forest-fire emissions; atmospheric science; greenhouse gases; health and ecological effects; clean air technology; regional and global change and satellite measurements.
This journal benefits a diverse audience of researchers, public health officials and policy makers addressing problems that call for solutions based in evidence from atmospheric and exposure assessment scientists, epidemiologists, and risk assessors. Publication in the journal affords the opportunity to reach beyond defined disciplinary niches to this broader readership.
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