Insights on Transitions to Agroecological Farming from across Europe Aperçu des transitions vers l’agriculture agroécologique à travers l’Europe Der Übergang zum agrarökologischen Landbau - Einblicke aus ganz Europa

IF 2.4 Q2 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS & POLICY EuroChoices Pub Date : 2022-12-24 DOI:10.1111/1746-692X.12375
Laure Latruffe, Gerald Schwarz
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The current European Union (EU) regulation of organic production (EU, <span>2018</span>) is an example of a formalised implementation of farming approaches based on agroecological practices that have had some success. But while there is some initial evidence of the economic impacts of agroecological practices (van der Ploeg <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>), questions remain about the economic viability and trade-offs in the economic, environmental and social performance of farming systems that are in transition towards agroecology (Tittonell <i>et al</i>., <span>2020</span>). In addition, risks of negative impacts on food security and displacing production to other world regions have been highlighted (Fuchs <i>et al</i>., <span>2020</span>). Hence, the socio-economic dimensions of the sustainability of farming systems in transition to agroecology requires further attention (Bezner Kerr <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>).</p><p>This Special Issue of <i>EuroChoices</i> aims to provide some answers to these questions, highlighting and combining key findings from two related EU-funded research projects, the LIFT and UNISECO projects. Both projects have been running separately, with different methodologies and concepts, but provide complementary views on these questions. The articles in this Special Issue adopt a broad understanding of agroecological practices, i.e. those that aim to produce food, fibre and energy and contribute to improving the sustainability of farming systems. We expect the contributions to the sustainability of farming systems to be based on the optimisation of ecological processes contributing to environmental and public health and well-being; along with reductions in socio-ecological costs from agriculture such as soil degradation, water contamination, greenhouse gas emissions and inequitable social structures (Bezner Kerr <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>; HLPE, <span>2019</span>).</p><p>Agroecological practices include practices at field level such as the use of cover crops and reduced or no tillage; at farm level such as the creation of riparian buffers and the integration of crops and livestock; at regional and community levels, the management of landscape features and increasing local markets that connect consumers to producers (Prazan and Aalders, <span>2019</span>; Wezel <i>et al</i>., <span>2014</span>). In the LIFT and UNISECO projects, practices were implemented in different combinations in a range of farming approaches transitioning to agroecology, such as low-input farming, conservation agriculture, integrated farming and organic farming (Rega <i>et al</i>., <span>2018</span>). Both projects analysed the implementation of agroecological practices in a variety of case studies across Europe reflecting different local and place-based contexts of transitions to agroecology (Latruffe <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>; Vanni <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>).</p><p>In this Special Issue, the first two articles (Barnes <i>et al</i>., this issue; and Gava <i>et al</i>., this issue) address barriers to transition to agroecology. Considering the attitudes and priorities of farmers and other local actors, the articles explore how these barriers can be overcome in different biophysical, socio-economic and institutional contexts and investigate the potential of different sets of policy instruments to support transitions to agroecology. Farm-level sustainability of agroecological practices is the focus of the third article, with special attention to labour (Davidova <i>et al</i>., this issue). The fourth article provides a territorial level perspective (Mayer <i>et al</i>., this issue) with insights on the impacts of scaling-up agroecology on the sustainability of European agriculture.</p><p>The fifth article (Schwarz <i>et al</i>., this issue) highlights the need for a food systems perspective in research and policy to accomplish sustainability benefits of transitions to agroecology. 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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Dr Gerald Schwarz, Thünen-Institute of Farm Economics, Germany

Farming systems in transitions towards agroecology, i.e. the application of ecological principles to agricultural systems and practices, have gained prominence in the scientific, agricultural and political discourse in recent years. In particular, this corresponds to the ambition of the European Union's Green Deal and the Farm-to-Fork Strategy of ‘designing a fair, healthy and environmentally-friendly food system’. The current European Union (EU) regulation of organic production (EU, 2018) is an example of a formalised implementation of farming approaches based on agroecological practices that have had some success. But while there is some initial evidence of the economic impacts of agroecological practices (van der Ploeg et al., 2019), questions remain about the economic viability and trade-offs in the economic, environmental and social performance of farming systems that are in transition towards agroecology (Tittonell et al., 2020). In addition, risks of negative impacts on food security and displacing production to other world regions have been highlighted (Fuchs et al., 2020). Hence, the socio-economic dimensions of the sustainability of farming systems in transition to agroecology requires further attention (Bezner Kerr et al., 2021).

This Special Issue of EuroChoices aims to provide some answers to these questions, highlighting and combining key findings from two related EU-funded research projects, the LIFT and UNISECO projects. Both projects have been running separately, with different methodologies and concepts, but provide complementary views on these questions. The articles in this Special Issue adopt a broad understanding of agroecological practices, i.e. those that aim to produce food, fibre and energy and contribute to improving the sustainability of farming systems. We expect the contributions to the sustainability of farming systems to be based on the optimisation of ecological processes contributing to environmental and public health and well-being; along with reductions in socio-ecological costs from agriculture such as soil degradation, water contamination, greenhouse gas emissions and inequitable social structures (Bezner Kerr et al., 2021; HLPE, 2019).

Agroecological practices include practices at field level such as the use of cover crops and reduced or no tillage; at farm level such as the creation of riparian buffers and the integration of crops and livestock; at regional and community levels, the management of landscape features and increasing local markets that connect consumers to producers (Prazan and Aalders, 2019; Wezel et al., 2014). In the LIFT and UNISECO projects, practices were implemented in different combinations in a range of farming approaches transitioning to agroecology, such as low-input farming, conservation agriculture, integrated farming and organic farming (Rega et al., 2018). Both projects analysed the implementation of agroecological practices in a variety of case studies across Europe reflecting different local and place-based contexts of transitions to agroecology (Latruffe et al., 2022; Vanni et al., 2019).

In this Special Issue, the first two articles (Barnes et al., this issue; and Gava et al., this issue) address barriers to transition to agroecology. Considering the attitudes and priorities of farmers and other local actors, the articles explore how these barriers can be overcome in different biophysical, socio-economic and institutional contexts and investigate the potential of different sets of policy instruments to support transitions to agroecology. Farm-level sustainability of agroecological practices is the focus of the third article, with special attention to labour (Davidova et al., this issue). The fourth article provides a territorial level perspective (Mayer et al., this issue) with insights on the impacts of scaling-up agroecology on the sustainability of European agriculture.

The fifth article (Schwarz et al., this issue) highlights the need for a food systems perspective in research and policy to accomplish sustainability benefits of transitions to agroecology. The sixth article is a Parlons Graphiques showcasing approaches to assessing sustainability trade-offs and synergies (Niedermayr et al., this issue). The seventh article (Zawalin´ska et al., this issue) discusses how stakeholders’ involvement can contribute to achieving transition to agroecology in farming. The eighth article (Rega et al., this issue) identifies knowledge gaps and suggests new indicators for moving towards the Farm Sustainability Data Network (FSDN), providing an improved database for evidence-based policy recommendations. Finally, the concluding article (Miller et al., this issue) brings together the key lessons learnt in our research and provides recommendations for policies that effectively contribute to achieving the objectives of the Green Deal. The final Point de Vue article reflects on the prospects of increased implementation of agroecological practices from an economic perspective (Matthews, this issue).

LIFT (‘Low-Input Farming and Territories – Integrating knowledge for improving ecosystem based farming’) received funding from the European Union's H2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 770747. UNISECO (‘Understanding & improving the sustainability of agroecological farming systems in the EU’) received funding from the European Union's H2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 773901.

Open Access funding was provided by INRAE (French National Institute for Research on Agriculture Food and the Environment).

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从欧洲各地向农业生态农业过渡的见解:欧洲向农业生态农业的过渡概述DerÜbergang zum Agrarökologischen Landbau Einblicke aus Ganz Europa
Gerald Schwarz博士,Thünen农业经济研究所,德国农业系统向农业生态学过渡,即将生态学原理应用于农业系统和实践,近年来在科学、农业和政治话语中获得了突出地位。特别是,这符合欧盟绿色协议和农场到餐桌战略的雄心,即“设计一个公平、健康和环保的食品系统”。目前欧盟(EU)对有机生产的监管(EU,2018)是一个基于农业生态实践的农业方法正式实施的例子,已经取得了一些成功。但是,尽管有一些初步证据表明农业生态实践的经济影响(van der Ploeg et al.,2019),但仍存在经济可行性以及向农业生态过渡的农业系统在经济、环境和社会表现方面的权衡问题(Tittonell et al.,2020)。此外,还强调了对粮食安全产生负面影响和将生产转移到世界其他地区的风险(Fuchs et al.,2020)。因此,向农业生态学过渡的农业系统可持续性的社会经济层面需要进一步关注(Bezner-Kerr et al.,2021)。本期《欧洲选择》特刊旨在为这些问题提供一些答案,强调并结合了欧盟资助的两个相关研究项目LIFT和UNISECO项目的关键发现。这两个项目一直是分开进行的,采用不同的方法和概念,但在这些问题上提供了互补的观点。本期特刊的文章对农业生态实践有着广泛的理解,即那些旨在生产粮食、纤维和能源并有助于提高农业系统可持续性的做法。我们希望对农业系统可持续性的贡献建立在优化生态过程的基础上,有助于环境和公共健康与福祉;同时减少农业的社会生态成本,如土壤退化、水污染、温室气体排放和不公平的社会结构(Bezner-Kerr et al.,2021;HLPE,2019)。农业生态实践包括田间实践,如使用覆盖作物和减少或免耕;在农场一级,如建立河岸缓冲区以及作物和牲畜的一体化;在地区和社区层面,景观特征的管理以及将消费者与生产者联系起来的日益增长的当地市场(Prazan和Aalders,2019;Wezel等人,2014年)。在LIFT和UNISECO项目中,在向农业生态学过渡的一系列农业方法中,以不同的组合实施了实践,如低投入农业、保护性农业、,综合农业和有机农业(Rega et al.,2018)。这两个项目都分析了欧洲各地各种案例研究中农业生态实践的实施情况,反映了向农业生态过渡的不同地方和地方背景(Latruffe et al.,2022;Vanni et al.,2019)。在本期特刊中,前两篇文章(Barnes等人,本期;和Gava等人,本本期)探讨了向农业生态学过渡的障碍。考虑到农民和其他地方行为者的态度和优先事项,文章探讨了如何在不同的生物物理、社会经济和体制背景下克服这些障碍,并调查了支持向农业生态学过渡的不同政策工具的潜力。农业生态实践的农场层面的可持续性是第三篇文章的重点,特别关注劳动力(Davidova等人,本期)。第四篇文章提供了一个地区层面的视角(Mayer等人,本期),深入了解了扩大农业生态对欧洲农业可持续性的影响。第五篇文章(Schwarz等人,本期)强调了在研究和政策中需要从粮食系统的角度来实现向农业生态学过渡的可持续性效益。第六篇文章是Parlons Graphiques,展示了评估可持续性权衡和协同作用的方法(Niedermayr等人,本期)。第七篇文章(Zawalin´ska等人,本期)讨论了利益相关者的参与如何有助于实现农业向农业生态学的过渡。第八篇文章(Rega等人,本期)确定了知识差距,并提出了迈向农业可持续性数据网络的新指标,为循证政策建议提供了一个改进的数据库。最后,结论性文章(Miller等人,本期)汇集了我们在研究中吸取的关键经验教训,并为有效促进实现绿色协议目标的政策提供了建议。
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来源期刊
EuroChoices
EuroChoices AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS & POLICY-
CiteScore
5.20
自引率
7.10%
发文量
22
期刊介绍: EuroChoices is a full colour, peer reviewed, outreach journal of topical European agri-food and rural resource issues, published three times a year in April, August and December. Its main aim is to bring current research and policy deliberations on agri-food and rural resource issues to a wide readership, both technical & non-technical. The need for this is clear - there are great changes afoot in the European and global agri-food industries and rural areas, which are of enormous impact and concern to society. The issues which underlie present deliberations in the policy and private sectors are complex and, until now, normally expressed in impenetrable technical language.
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