Phraseological units with the names of the times of the day and their derivatives as a realization of the nominativederivational potential of the original words

Tatyana S. Sokolova, G. Starikova
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Abstract

The study is based on the material of phraseological units, which include the words utro [morning], den’ [day], vecher [evening], noch’ [night] and their derivatives s utra poran’she, sred’ belogo dnya, dnevat’ i nochevat’, etc., a total of about a thousand units. Dictionaries of literary, dialect, slang types of language served as sources for it. The analysis showed the activity of this group of chronolexis in phrase production from the beginning of the written period (velikaya noshch’, dnevno i noshchno), their transformations with time: Varfolomeya noshch’ (18th century) > Varfolomeevskaya noch’. The formation of compound names can be presented as a result of (1) compounding of lexical means, with the development of additional figurative semantics in them (nochnoy + medveditsa = nochnaya medveditsa [butterfly] or without it (utrenniy + zvezda = utrennyaya zvezda [morning star]), (2) expansion of one-word names into compound ones with the same conceptual volume: devichnik > devich vecher, etc. Higher rates in the implementation of their phraseological and derivational potential are shown by the polysemantic items den’ and vecher. In the primary meaning, noch’ is more active in derivation as a dark, passive period, which marks deviations from the standards of light time in actions, behavior, important characteristics of everything that exists (nochnaya krasota, belye nochi, nochnye volki). Words with the root utr- are the least frequent. The general ratio of phraseological family data can be expressed approximately as 50 (den’) : 25 (vecher) : 20 (noch’) : 5 (utro). The maximum realization of the derivational potential of these words is observed in the dialect and slang types of the language, mainly due to them the latest phraseological units are developing: nachalos’ v kolhoze utro, spokoynoy nochi (political studies in the army). The similarity of the initial semantics of words in families also led to the presence of typical non-single-word formations in them: v utro / den’ / vecher / noch’, of which most often in the phraseological family utro they have corresponding lacunae: den’ dnevat’ / noch’ nochevat’/ vecher vecheryat’, etc. Consistently the same type of stable verbal complexes form antonymous names of parts of the day: zarnitsa vechyoroshnaya / utreshnyaya, den’ v den’ / noch’ v noch’, v dyonnuyu / nóchnuyu, etc. According to the type of grammatical meaning, phraseologisms are represented by groups, the most frequent of which is adverbial (po utryaku, nochnym bytom, v moroshnyj den’ ne pereschitat’), then substantive (vechernyaya shkola, sorok dney), interjective (dobroe utro), verbal (karaulit’ noch’), adjective (noch’yu rodilsya, vidavshiy luchshie dni), verbal-predicative (dni sochteny, v glazah noch’ noch’yu). They are divided into three nominative spheres; the most developed of them is temporal, which is due to the semantics of words in the family. Phraseologisms are represented by different structures, mainly in the form of coordinate and subordinate phrases. Among them, a large number of tautological constructions are noted: dnyamdnyam, vecher vecherushchey, noch’-v-polnoch’. Such phrases reinforce the meaning of the expressed concepts (den’-den’skoy, vecher vecherovat’), and may also indicate the development of semantics in the words used: utriy / utrenniy den’ [future, tomorrow], vechernie noshchi [shadows]. Fixing new meanings in the usage of the analyzed words contributes to the development of their nominative-derivational potential.
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以一天中的时间及其衍生词命名的词组单位,作为对原词的指称衍生潜能的实现
本研究以词汇单位为基础,包括utro[早晨]、den '[白天]、vecher[晚上]、noch '[夜晚]等词及其衍生词utra poran ' she、sred ' belogo dnya、dnevat ' i nochevat '等,共约一千个单位。文学词典、方言词典、俚语词典都是它的来源。分析表明,这组编年体从文字时代(velikaya noshch ', dnevno i noshchno)开始,在短语生产方面的活动,它们随时间的变化:Varfolomeya noshch '(18世纪)> Varfolomeevskaya noch '。复合名的形成可以表现为(1)词汇手段的复合,并在其中发展额外的比喻语义(nochnoy + medveditsa = nochnaya medveditsa[蝴蝶]或没有它(utrenniy + zvezda = utrennyaya zvezda[晨星]);(2)将单字名称扩展为具有相同概念量的复合名称:devichnik > devich vecher等。多义词den '和vecher在实现其短语和衍生潜能方面表现出较高的比率。在最初的意思中,“noch”在派生上更活跃,作为一个黑暗、被动的时期,它标志着在行动、行为、存在的一切重要特征(nochnaya krasota、belye nochi、nochnye volki)上偏离了光明时间的标准。以utr-为词根的单词使用频率最低。短语族数据的一般比例可以近似表示为50 (den’):25 (vecher): 20 (noch’):5 (utro)。这些词的衍生潜力在方言和俚语类型中得到了最大的实现,主要是由于它们正在发展最新的短语单位:nachalos ' v kolhoze utro, spokoynoy nochi(军队中的政治研究)。语族中单词的初始语义的相似性也导致了它们中典型的非单字结构的存在:v utro / den ' / vecher / noch ',其中最常见的是在短语语族中,它们有相应的空白:den ' dnevat ' / noch ' nochevat ' / vecher vecheryat '等。同样类型的稳定动词复合体形成了一天中不同部分的同义词:zarnitsa vechyoroshnaya / utreshnyaya, den ' v den ' / noch ' v noch ', v dyonnuyu / nóchnuyu等。根据语法意义的类型,短语以组为代表,其中最常见的是副词(po utryaku, nochnym bytom, v moroshnyjden ' ne pereschitat),其次是实体(vechernyaya shkola, sorok dney),反语(dobroe utro),言语(karaulit ' noch '),形容词(noch ' yu rodilsya, vidavshiy luchshie dni),言语-谓语(dni sochteny, v glazah noch ' noch ' yu)。它们被分为三个范畴;其中最发达的是时态,这是由于单词在家庭中的语义。短语由不同的结构表现出来,主要表现为并列短语和从属短语。其中,有大量的同义结构:dnyamdnyam, vecher vecherushhey, noch ' -v-polnoch '。这样的短语强化了所表达的概念的意义(den ' -den ' skoy, vecher vecherovat),也可能表明所使用的词语的语义发展:营养/未来/明天,vechernie noshchi[阴影]。在被分析词的用法中固定新的意义有助于发展它们的主衍生潜能。
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期刊介绍: Tomsk State University Journal of Philology was established with the aim of: - publishing the papers and reviews on the topical issues of modern philology: linguistics, literary studies, communication studies; - promoting the development of theoretical and practical research in the field of socio-humanitarian knowledge; - forging links among scholars from different regions of Russia and other countries. Tomsk State University Journal of Philology is an independent research journal that welcomes submissions from across the world.
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